Haudenosaunee Settlement Ecology before and after Contact in Northeastern North America

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Location Choices ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Settlement Location ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Subsistence Activities ◽  
Existing Data

This chapter compares the settlement ecology—factors influencing settlement location choices, settlement size, and settlement relocation—of Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) communities in northeastern North America predating the arrival of Europeans, to early Colonial Period communities. It enhances understanding of Haudenosaunee reactions to the introduction of European societies, politics, economics, ecologies, and ideologies in the region. Results suggest that settlement location choices changed very little after Europeans arrived. Either the landscape changed little from the Haudenosaunee perspective, or Haudenosaunee communities were not significantly influenced by the changes that did occur, although particular landscape features related to agricultural subsistence activities did shift. The chapter investigates these large-scale trends and explores the ecology of Haudenosaunee settlement patterns and processes before and during early colonialism. Results are supplemented with existing data on community life to create a multiscalar view of Haudenosaunee settlement ecology as it relates to the advent of colonialism in northeastern North America.

Changing Patterns in the Holocene Pollen Record of Northeastern North America: A Mapped Summary

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Bernabo ◽  
Thompson Webb
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Pollen Record ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Changing Patterns

By mapping the data from 62 radiocarbon-dated pollen diagrams, this paper illustrates the Holocene history of four major vegetational regions in northeastern North America. Isopoll maps, difference maps, and isochrone maps are used in order to examine the changing patterns within the data set and to study broad-scale and long-term vegetational dynamics. Isopoll maps show the distributions of spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus), oak (Quercus), herb (nonarboreal pollen groups excluding Cyperaceae), and birch + maple + beech + hemlock (Betula, Acer, Fagus, Tsuga) pollen at specified times from 11,000 BP to present. Difference maps were constructed by subtracting successive isopoll maps and illustrate the changing patterns of pollen abundances from one time to the next. The isochrone maps portray the movement of ecotones and range limits by showing their positions at a sequence of times during the Holocene. After 11,000 BP, the broad region over which spruce pollen had dominated progressively shrank as the boreal forest zone was compressed between the retreating ice margin and the rapidly westward and northward expanding region where pine was the predominant pollen type. Simultaneously, the oak-pollen-dominated deciduous forest moved up from the south and the prairie expanded eastward. By 7000 BP, the prairie had attained its maximum eastward extent with the period of its most rapid expansion evident between 10,000 and 9000 BP. Many of the trends of the early Holocene were reversed after 7000 BP with the prairie retreating westward and the boreal and other zones edging southward. In the last 500 years, man's impact on the vegetation is clearly visible, especially in the greatly expanded region dominated by herb pollen. The large scale changes before 7000 BP probably reflect shifts in the macroclimatic patterns that were themselves being modified by the retreat and disintegration of the Laurentide ice sheet. Subsequent changes in the pollen and vegetation were less dramatic than those of the early Holocene.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Observed Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Associated with Temperature Extremes over North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 7266-7281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Loikith ◽  
Anthony J. Broccoli
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Abstract Motivated by a desire to understand the physical mechanisms involved in future anthropogenic changes in extreme temperature events, the key atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme daily temperatures over North America in the current climate are identified. The findings show that warm extremes at most locations are associated with positive 500-hPa geopotential height and sea level pressure anomalies just downstream with negative anomalies farther upstream. The orientation, physical characteristics, and spatial scale of these circulation patterns vary based on latitude, season, and proximity to important geographic features (i.e., mountains, coastlines). The anomaly patterns associated with extreme cold events tend to be similar to, but opposite in sign of, those associated with extreme warm events, especially within the westerlies, and tend to scale with temperature in the same locations. Circulation patterns aloft are more coherent across the continent than those at the surface where local surface features influence the occurrence of and patterns associated with extreme temperature days. Temperature extremes may be more sensitive to small shifts in circulation at locations where temperature is strongly influenced by mountains or large water bodies, or at the margins of important large-scale circulation patterns making such locations more susceptible to nonlinear responses to future climate change. The identification of these patterns and processes will allow for a thorough evaluation of the ability of climate models to realistically simulate extreme temperatures and their future trends.

scholarly journals Summertime Surface Wind Variability over Northeastern North America at Multidecadal to Centennial Time Scales via Statistical Downscaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1969-1990
Author(s):  
Etor E. Lucio-Eceiza ◽  
J. Fidel González-Rouco ◽  
Elena García-Bustamante ◽  
Jorge Navarro ◽  
Cristina Rojas-Labanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Statistical Downscaling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Meridional Wind ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Coupled Modes ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Wind Variability

AbstractThe variability of the surface zonal and meridional wind components over northeastern North America during June–October is analyzed through a statistical downscaling (SD) approach that relates the main wind and large-scale circulation modes. An observational surface wind dataset of 525 sites over 1953–2010 provides the local information. Twelve global reanalyses provide the large-scale information. The large-to-local variability of the wind field can be explained, to a large extent, in terms of four coupled modes of circulation explaining a similar amount of variance. The SD method is mostly sensitive to the number of retained modes and subregionally to the large-scale information variable, but not to the reanalysis source. The SD methodological uncertainty based on the use of multiple configurations is directly related to the variability of the wind, similar in relative terms for both components. With an adequate choice of parameters the SD estimates provide more realistic variances than the reanalysis wind, although their correlations with respect to observations are lower than the latter. Additionally, while these different SD estimations are very similar on the reanalysis used, the various reanalysis wind fields show noticeable differences, especially in their variances. The wind variability is reconstructed back to 1850, making use of century-long reanalyses and two additional SLP gridded datasets, which allows estimating the variability at decadal to multidecadal time scales. Recent negative (significant) trends in the zonal component do not stand out in the multidecadal context, but they are consistent with a global stilling process, and are partially attributable to changes in the large-scale dynamics.

LORD PALMERSTON AND THE IRISH FAMINE EMIGRATION: A REJOINDER

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
DESMOND NORTON
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
British North America ◽  
Irish Famine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Proper Context

This communication responds to Tyler Anbinder's article ‘Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration’ of the late 1840s, published in the HJ in June 2001. Anbinder is incorrect in stating that ‘no detailed account of Palmerston's Irish estate during the famine or of his emigration scheme has ever been written’. There are other inaccuracies in Anbinder. There is also a problem of relevant omissions. Anbinder concentrates on Palmerston's assisted emigration programmes in a single year (1847). But Palmerston helped his tenants to emigrate both before and after 1847. What makes 1847 distinctive is that it was the only year in which Palmerston chartered ships for large-scale transportation of many of his tenants directly from Sligo to British North America. This communication seeks to place Anbinder's article in proper context, and hopes to prevent subsequent researchers from repeating some errors.

The Effect of Active Site-inhibited Factor VIIa on Tissue Factor-initiated Coagulation Using Platelets before and after Aspirin Administration

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (04) ◽  
pp. 1202-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Kjalke ◽  
Julie A Oliver ◽  
Dougald M Monroe ◽  
Maureane Hoffman ◽  
Mirella Ezban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Factor Viia ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Antithrombotic Agent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ic50 Values

SummaryActive site-inactivated factor VIIa has potential as an antithrombotic agent. The effects of D-Phe-L-Phe-L-Arg-chloromethyl ketone-treated factor VIla (FFR-FVIIa) were evaluated in a cell-based system mimicking in vivo initiation of coagulation. FFR-FVIIa inhibited platelet activation (as measured by expression of P-selectin) and subsequent large-scale thrombin generation in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 1.4 ± 0.8 nM (n = 8) and 0.9 ± 0.7 nM (n = 7), respectively. Kd for factor VIIa binding to monocytes ki for FFR-FVIIa competing with factor VIIa were similar (11.4 ± 0.8 pM and 10.6 ± 1.1 pM, respectively), showing that FFR-FVIIa binds to tissue factor in the tenase complex with the same affinity as factor VIIa. Using platelets from volunteers before and after ingestion of aspirin (1.3 g), there were no significant differences in the IC50 values of FFR-FVIIa [after aspirin ingestion, the IC50 values were 1.7 ± 0.9 nM (n = 8) for P-selectin expression, p = 0.37, and 1.4 ± 1.3 nM (n = 7) for thrombin generation, p = 0.38]. This shows that aspirin treatment of platelets does not influence the inhibition of tissue factor-initiated coagulation by FFR-FVIIa, probably because thrombin activation of platelets is not entirely dependent upon expression of thromboxane A2.

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