Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Child with COVID-19

Introduction: SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) is a serious and global infection that has spread to numerous countries, including Iran. Pneumothorax may occur in cases of COVID-19 as a consequence of lung parenchymal damage, which can disrupt the healing process and increase mortality. Case Presentation: This manuscript describes the case of a 2-year-old boy with hyper IgM syndrome and COVID-19 infection. The patient developed spontaneous pneumothorax and recovered without chest tube by supportive care and was discharged in good general condition after the completion of the antibiotic course and cessation of fever. Conclusions: The severity, prognosis, and best treatment for spontaneous pneumothorax in COVID-19 infection, especially in children, remain nebulous. It is recommended that conservative treatment be performed if the patient has stable vital signs and no severe respiratory failure. However, this requires more detailed clinical evaluations.

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Atypical Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in a Child with Hyper-IgM Syndrome

Fetal and Pediatric Pathology ◽

10.3109/15513819809168774 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Michael Miller ◽

Ilham Algayed ◽

Ram Yogev ◽

Pauline Chou ◽

Paul Scholl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia ◽

Pneumocystis Carinii ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Hyper Igm

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2).

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.718690317.793517820 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony DeFranco

Keyword(s):

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Cytidine Deaminase ◽

Autosomal Recessive Form ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase ◽

Recessive Form ◽

Hyper Igm

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Preanesthetic severe postural hypotension following 5-aminolevulinic acid pretreatment in patients for photodynamic diagnosis-assisted urological surgery

JA Clinical Reports ◽

10.1186/s40981-019-0295-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tohru Shiratori ◽

Kunihisa Hotta ◽

Masaaki Satoh ◽

Chiaki Kiuchi ◽

Noriyuki Ogawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postural Hypotension ◽

Aminolevulinic Acid ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Photodynamic Diagnosis ◽

Careful Monitoring ◽

High Concentration ◽

Acid Pretreatment ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Severe Hypotension ◽

Prolonged Hypotension

Abstract Background 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is utilized for photodynamic diagnosis-assisted (PDD) surgery. However, it has been associated with vasodilation, hence, occasional hypotension. Case presentation We encountered two patients who had severe postural hypotension following 5-ALA pretreatment prior to an operation. They were scheduled for urological PDD surgery, but upon standing to walk to the operation room, they felt sick because of severe hypotension. One of them underwent the surgery after recovery, but the other surgery was canceled due to a prolonged hypotension that lasted for more than a day. Conclusions Severe postural hypotension may develop as a result of the high concentration of porphyrin precursors, which may affect the nervous system. Severe postural hypotension may be due to 5-ALA-induced autonomic dysfunction as well as vasodilative action of 5-ALA. These observations suggest that in addition to the careful monitoring of patients’ vital signs, standing should be avoided following 5-ALA pretreatment.

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Hyper-IgM syndrome with putative dominant negative mutation in activation-induced cytidine deaminase

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/s0091-6749(03)01860-8 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 755-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Y Kasahara

Keyword(s):

Cytidine Deaminase ◽

Dominant Negative ◽

Dominant Negative Mutation ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase ◽

Hyper Igm

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Patient Specific Targeted Gene Therapy In The Treatment Of X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.588 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 133 (2) ◽

pp. AB162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Caroline Y. Kuo ◽

Alok Joglekar ◽

Donald B. Kohn

Keyword(s):

Gene Therapy ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Hyper Igm ◽

Targeted Gene Therapy

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ARDS as Presenting Symptom in an Infant with CD40L Deficiency (Hyper-IgM Syndrome Type 1)

Klinische Pädiatrie ◽

10.1055/s-0029-1192041 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 221 (05) ◽

pp. 302-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Fremerey ◽

B. Wiebe ◽

O. Feyen ◽

C. Lenski ◽

U. Pohlmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Syndrome Type ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Hyper Igm

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Enteroviral meningoencephalitis as a complication of X-linked hyper IgM syndrome

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70245-3 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 134 (5) ◽

pp. 584-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Coleen K. Cunningham ◽

Cynthia A. Bonville ◽

Hans D. Ochs ◽

Kuniaki Seyama ◽

Patricia A. John ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Hyper Igm

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Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with duodenal diverticulosis in an elderly patient: a case report

Surgical Case Reports ◽

10.1186/s40792-019-0769-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Takeshi Ueda ◽

Tetsuya Tanaka ◽

Takashi Yokoyama ◽

Tomomi Sadamitsu ◽

Suzuka Harada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conservative Treatment ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Rare Condition ◽

Exploratory Laparotomy ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Free Air ◽

Spontaneous Pneumoperitoneum ◽

Upper Abdominal ◽

Emergent Laparotomy

Abstract Background Pneumoperitoneum commonly occurs as a result of a viscus perforation and usually presents with peritoneal signs requiring emergent laparotomy. Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is a rare condition characterized by intraperitoneal gas with no clear etiology. Case presentation We herein report a case in which conservative treatment was achieved for an 83-year-old male patient with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum that probably occurred due to duodenal diverticulosis. He had stable vital signs and slight epigastric discomfort without any other signs of peritonitis. A chest radiograph and computed tomography showed that a large amount of free gas extended into the upper abdominal cavity. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed duodenal diverticulosis but no perforation of the upper gastrointestinal tract. He was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, and conservative treatment was selected. His medical course was uneventful, and pneumoperitoneum disappeared after 6 months. Conclusion In the management of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, recognition of this rare condition and an accurate diagnosis based on symptoms and clinical imaging might contribute to reducing the performance of unnecessary laparotomy. However, in uncertain cases with peritoneal signs, spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is difficult to differentiate from free air resulting from gastrointestinal perforation and emergency exploratory laparotomy should be considered for these patients.

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CD40 LIGAND GENE DEFECTS RESPONSIBLE FOR X-LINKED HYPER-IgM SYNDROME

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.2.280b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 280-280

Author(s):

Arden Levy ◽

Andrew Liu

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

B Cells ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Cd40 Ligand ◽

Research Groups ◽

Immune Disorder ◽

Hyper Igm Syndrome ◽

Hyper Igm

Purpose of the Studies. Hyper-IgM immunodeficiency is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, normal or elevated IgM, and markedly decreased IgG, IgA, and IgE. Previous research suggested that the T cells of these patients are defective in their ability to help B cells make functional antibody. CD40 ligand (CD4OL) is a membrane glycoprotein on activated T helper cells and binds the CD40 molecule expressed on B cells, and induces proliferation and immunoglobulin class switching (in conjunction with IL-4). The gene for the CD4OL has been mapped to position q26.3-q27.1 on chromosome X (same as the Hyper-IgM gene and the area of isotype switching). Several research groups sought to determine if the immunodeficiency in Hyper-IgM patients is due to defective CD4OL. Findings. The five papers listed above document the work of different research groups that simultaneously found abnormalities in the CD4OL gene in a total of 16 patients with X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome. Different mutations of the CD4OL gene have been discovered, including point mutations, deletions, and nonsense sequences. Mutant version of CD4OL taken from Hyper IgM patients were unable to "help" B cells in vitro. Thus, deficient CD40/CD40L interactions between B and T cells results in severely impaired immunity. Restricted CD40L gene expression to T cells may ultimately allow gene therapy as treatment. Reviewers' Comments. A concise editorial by Jean Marx entitled "Cell Communication Failure Leads to Immune Disorder" describes this landmark research and accompanies the Spriggs article in the February 12th issue of Science (pp. 896-897). This discovery may not only lead to treatment of this disorder, but also modification of other less favorable immune responses.

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