Pathology of Small Airways Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Craig Allen
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis ◽  
Mineral Dusts ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Context.—The term small airways disease encompasses a generally poorly understood group of lung diseases that may arise primarily within the small airways or secondarily from diseases primarily affecting the bronchi or lung parenchyma. Their histology may be confusing; however, because treatments and prognoses vary, correct pathologic diagnosis is important. Objective.—To present a nonexhaustive review of the pathology of primary and secondary small airways diseases, including small airways disease related to tobacco; to various other exposures, including mineral dusts; to diseases involving other areas of the lung with secondary bronchiolar involvement; and to recently described bronchiolitic disorders. Data sources.—Current literature is reviewed. Conclusions.—Small airways diseases include a wide variety of diseases of which the pathologist must consider. Uncommon conditions such as diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and diffuse panbronchiolitis may show relatively specific diagnostic features histologically; however, most small airways diseases exhibit nonspecific histologic features. Conditions not considered primary pulmonary diseases, such as collagen vascular diseases, bone marrow transplantation, and inflammatory bowel disease, must also be considered in patients with small airways changes histologically. Clinical and radiologic correlation is important for obtaining the best possible diagnosis.

Interstitial Lung Diseases Associated with Collagen Vascular Diseases: Radiologic and Histopathologic Findings

Radiographics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S151-S165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun A Kim ◽  
Kyung Soo Lee ◽  
Takeshi Johkoh ◽  
Tae Sung Kim ◽  
Gee Young Suh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Bronchiolitis and Bronchiolar Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 311-332
Author(s):  
Claudia Ravaglia ◽  
Venerino Poletti
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue Diseases ◽  
Inhalation Injury ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Disorder ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Mineral Dusts ◽  
Conducting Airways

AbstractBronchioles are noncartilaginous small airways with internal diameter of 2 mm or less, located from approximately the eighth generation of purely air conducting airways (membranous bronchioles) down to the terminal bronchioles (the smallest airways without alveoli) and respiratory bronchioles (which communicate directly with alveolar ducts and are in the range of 0.5 mm or less in diameter). Bronchiolar injury, inflammation, and fibrosis may occur in myriad disorders including connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, lung transplant allograft rejection, graft versus host disease in allogeneic stem cell recipients, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, infections, drug toxicity (e.g., penicillamine, busulfan), inhalation injury (e.g., cigarette smoke, nylon flock, mineral dusts, hard metals, Sauropus androgynous); idiopathic, common variable immunodeficiency disorder, and a host of other disorders or insults. The spectrum of bronchiolar disorders is wide, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal obliterative bronchiolitis. In this review, we discuss the salient clinical, radiographic, and histological features of these diverse bronchiolar disorders, and discuss a management approach.

scholarly journals Asbestos and Probable Microscopic Polyangiitis

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S Rashed Philteos ◽  
Kelly Coverett ◽  
Rajni Chibbar ◽  
Heather A Ward ◽  
Donald W Cockcroft
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Microscopic Polyangiitis ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody ◽  
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Pulmonary Asbestosis

Several inorganic dust lung diseases (pneumoconioses) are associated with autoimmune diseases. Although autoimmune serological abnormalities are common in asbestosis, clinical autoimmune/collagen vascular diseases are not commonly reported. A case of pulmonary asbestosis complicated by perinuclear-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (myeloperoxidase) positive probable microscopic polyangiitis (glomerulonephritis, pericarditis, alveolitis, multineuritis multiplex) is described and the possible immunological mechanisms whereby asbestosis fibres might be relevant in induction of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are reviewed in the present report.

Idiopathic Lung Diseases Other than Pulmonary Fibrosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A Ho ◽  
Bridget F Collins ◽  
Ganesh Raghu
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases

Idiopathic lung diseases are diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that are grouped under the term interstitial lung disease (ILD). The term interstitial (or interstitium) is, however, misleading as the term interstitium refers to the microscopic anatomic space between the basement membranes of the endothelial and epithelial cells. The pathologic processes involved in these diseases, however, are not limited to the interstitium and can affect other elements of the gas exchange units as well as bronchiolar lumen, terminal bronchioles, pulmonary parenchyma, and pleural and vascular spaces. Since there are potentially hundreds of agents and clinical situations that are associated with ILD, a simplified grouping scheme includes seven main entities: ILD associated with (1) occupational and environmental factors (inhalation cause), (2) collagen vascular diseases, (3) granulomatous lung disease of known and unknown causes (eg, hypersensitivity pneumonitis [HP], sarcoidosis), (4) inherited diseases, (5) iatrogenic/drug induced, (6) certain specific entities (eg, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis [PLCH], lymphangioleimyomatosis, and (7) idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). As idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a subgroup of IIP, this review focuses on the clinical features and management of the major IIPs, and IPF is discussed more in the review, “Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,” found elsewhere in this publication. This review also focuses on HP as it is a key disease in the differential diagnosis of the IIPs. Figures depict chest radiographs, high resolution computed topography (HRCT) scans, and histopathologic features of various ILDs. Tables list the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) classification of IIPs, and common antigens associated with HP and their potential sources. This review contains 22 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 156 references.

Idiopathic Lung Diseases Other than Pulmonary Fibrosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A Ho ◽  
Bridget F Collins ◽  
Ganesh Raghu
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases

Idiopathic lung diseases are diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that are grouped under the term interstitial lung disease (ILD). The term interstitial (or interstitium) is, however, misleading as the term interstitium refers to the microscopic anatomic space between the basement membranes of the endothelial and epithelial cells. The pathologic processes involved in these diseases, however, are not limited to the interstitium and can affect other elements of the gas exchange units as well as bronchiolar lumen, terminal bronchioles, pulmonary parenchyma, and pleural and vascular spaces. Since there are potentially hundreds of agents and clinical situations that are associated with ILD, a simplified grouping scheme includes seven main entities: ILD associated with (1) occupational and environmental factors (inhalation cause), (2) collagen vascular diseases, (3) granulomatous lung disease of known and unknown causes (eg, hypersensitivity pneumonitis [HP], sarcoidosis), (4) inherited diseases, (5) iatrogenic/drug induced, (6) certain specific entities (eg, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis [PLCH], lymphangioleimyomatosis, and (7) idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). As idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a subgroup of IIP, this review focuses on the clinical features and management of the major IIPs, and IPF is discussed more in the review, “Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis,” found elsewhere in this publication. This review also focuses on HP as it is a key disease in the differential diagnosis of the IIPs. Figures depict chest radiographs, high resolution computed topography (HRCT) scans, and histopathologic features of various ILDs. Tables list the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) classification of IIPs, and common antigens associated with HP and their potential sources. This review contains 22 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 156 references.

scholarly journals Interstitial lung diseases in women

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Ljudmila Nagorni-Obradovic ◽  
Ruza Stevic ◽  
Jelica Videnovic-Ivanov ◽  
Violeta Mihailovic-Vucinic ◽  
Dragica Pesut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Unknown Reason

Introduction. Interstitial lung diseases include a heterogeneous group of disorders that may affect men and women, but some of them are more frequent in females. Therefore, it is very important to take into account the female gender as a specific risk factor for some of these diseases. Discussion and Review of Literature. Interstitial lung diseases in women include the following: 1. diseases specific for female gender such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 2. disorders predominant in women due to the underlying disease (breast cancer and collagen vascular diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Sj?gren syndrome), 3. idiopathic lung diseases predominant in women such an idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia, 4. interstitial lung diseases predominant in women for unknown reason. All of these diseases have a wide spectrum of thoracic manifestations. Chest x-ray is a basic method for the detection, but computerized tomography is more useful for the assessment of the extensivity of parenchymal, airway and pleural manifestations of these diseases. Conclusion. A great variety of manifestations of interstitial lung diseases in women makes their detailed review impossible. Therefore, this article gives a short and overall review of these conditions.

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