scholarly journals OBSERVAÇÕES SOBRE A MODULAÇÃO DA CAMADA LIMITE ATMOSFÉRICA MARINHA DEVIDA À PASSAGEM DE UM SISTEMA FRONTAL NO ATLÂNTICO SUDOESTE

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Fernando Rossato ◽  
Ronald Buss de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Synoptic Conditions ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Oceanographic Data ◽  
The Impact

Between 6-9 December 2012, the Oceanographic Vessel Alpha Crucis took oceanographic stations in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean in support to both SAMOC and ACEx projects. During the research cruise, the vessel performed measurements with the release of weather balloons. From the data collected by the radiosondes, it was possible to verify the variability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) in the area and period of study. From meteorological and oceanographic data, it was possible to estimate the latent and sensible heat fluxes from bulk parameterization. During an episode of formation of an extratropical cyclone, the results ,of this work demonstrate the impact of the synoptic conditions influencing the evolution of the MABL. During the prefrontal condition a stratification of the MABL was verified. The  latent and sensible heat fluxes directed from the ocean to the atmosphere were low or negative (from the atmosphere to the ocean). During the post frontal condition, the MABL was well developed with a 1200 m height and the latent and sensible heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere  were more intense. These observations are fundamental to widen our understanding on the physical processes occurring at the ocean-atmosphere interface and have primary importance for the weather and climate forecast of the south-southwestern region of Brazil.

scholarly journals Analysis of marine mammal bycatch in the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery operating in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1637-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Passadore ◽  
Andrés Domingo ◽  
Eduardo R. Secchi
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Pelagic Longline Fishery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pelagic Longline

Abstract Bycatch is one of the main causes of human-caused mortality and population decline of many marine mammals. Monitoring bycatch is the first step to understand the impact of the fisheries on the species affected. Understanding how the interaction between marine mammals and fishing operations varies in space and time, and how it is influenced by environmental variables, is essential for designing mitigation strategies to reduce bycatch mortality. In this paper, we use data gathered by scientific observers and a fishing skipper to analyse marine mammals bycatch by the Uruguayan pelagic longline fishery operating in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean from 1996 to 2007. The total bycatch per unit effort (Bcpue) was 0.0150 marine mammals/1000 hooks and the highest values (∼0.2) were recorded between 37°–38°S and 49°–51°W. Total cetacean Bcpue during the study period was low (0.0051 cetacean/1000 hooks) and occurred between 32°–37°S and 46°–54°W. Generalized additive models showed that cetaceans' bycatch was mainly affected by the depth, sea surface temperature, and season. Although cetaceans were captured year-round, the highest values were registered in spring months, most bycatch events occurred over the continental slope (median = 619 m) and in waters with a median temperature of 19.7°C. The bycatch of pinnipeds was influenced by depth, location, and season. Pinniped bycatch occurred mainly in winter, in waters ranging from 80 to 5000 m of depth (median = 2366 m) between 34°–37°S (median = 35.9°S) and 54°–49°W (median = 51.8°W). The spatial analysis showed that most bycatch events occurred within the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence zone, an area of high productivity where the pelagic longline fleet concentrates its fishing effort and where marine mammals probably concentrate to feed.

scholarly journals Uncertainty analysis of computational methods for deriving sensible heat flux values from scintillometer measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1383-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Solignac ◽  
A. Brut ◽  
J.-L. Selves ◽  
J.-P. Béteille ◽  
J.-P. Gastellu-Etchegorry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Eddy Correlation ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Ratio Measurement ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Correlation systems. However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (β), to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy Correlation systems or derived from the energy balance closure. In this work, specific requirements for estimating energy fluxes using a scintillometer were analyzed, as well as the accuracy of two flux calculation methods. We first focused on the classical method (used in standard software). We analysed the impact of the Bowen ratio according to both time averaging and ratio values; for instance, an averaged Bowen ratio (β) of less than 1 proved to be a significant source of measurement uncertainty. An alternative method, called the "β-closure method", for which the Bowen ratio measurement is not necessary, was also tested. In this case, it was observed that even for low β values, flux uncertainties were reduced and scintillometer data were well correlated with the Eddy Correlation results.

scholarly journals Sensible Heat Fluxes in the Nearly Neutral Boundary Layer: The Impact of Frictional Heating within the Surface Layer

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1053
Author(s):  
J. M. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Frictional Heating ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Neutral Boundary Layer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The effect of frictional dissipative heating on the calculation of surface fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer using bulk flux formulas is considered. Although the importance of frictional dissipation in intense storms has been widely recognized, it is suggested here that its impact is also to be seen at more moderate wind speeds in apparently enhanced heat transfer coefficients and countergradient fluxes in nearly neutral conditions. A simple modification to the bulk flux formula can be made to account for its impact within the surface layer. This modification is consistent with an interpretation of the surface layer as one across which the flux of total energy is constant. The effect of this modification on tropical cyclones is assessed in an idealized model, where it is shown to reduce the predicted maximum wind speed by about 4%. In numerical simulations of three individual storms, the impacts are more subtle but indicate a reduction of the sensible heat flux into the storm and a cooling of the surface layer.

scholarly journals Contributions of Surface Sensible Heat Fluxes to Tropical Cyclone. Part I: Evolution of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanhong Ma ◽  
Jianfang Fei ◽  
Xiaogang Huang ◽  
Xiaoping Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Cold Pool ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The contributions of surface sensible heat fluxes (SHX) to the evolution of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure are examined in this study by conducting cloud-resolving simulations. Results suggest that although the peak values of SHX could account for nearly 30% of those of the total surface latent and sensible heat fluxes, the impact of SHX on TC intensification is nonetheless not distinct. However, the TC size shows great sensitivity to the SHX that the storm is shrunk by over 20% after removing the SHX. A potential temperature budget analysis indicates that the adiabatic cooling accompanying the radial inflow is largely balanced by the transfer of sensible heat fluxes rather than the entrainment of subsiding air from aloft. If there is upward transfer of SHX from underlying ocean so that the near-surface potential temperature decreases upward, the SHX will play a vital role; instead, if the upward SHX are absent so that the potential temperature increases upward near the surface, the downward sensible heat fluxes become the dominant contributor to warm the inflow air. The changes in TC size are found to be primarily caused by the rainband activities. The SHX help maintain high convective available potential energy as well as the cold pool feature outside the eyewall, thus being crucial for the growth of outer rainbands. If without upward transport of SHX, the outer-rainband activities could be largely suppressed, thereby leading to a decrease of the TC size.

scholarly journals Near-surface climate and surface energy budget of Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kuipers Munneke ◽  
M. R. van den Broeke ◽  
J. C. King ◽  
T. Gray ◽  
C. H. Reijmer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Data collected by two automatic weather stations (AWS) on the Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctica, between 22 January 2009 and 1 February 2011 are analyzed and used as input for a model that computes the surface energy budget (SEB), which includes melt energy. The two AWSs are separated by about 70 km in the north–south direction, and both the near-surface meteorology and the SEB show similarities, although small differences in all components (most notably the melt flux) can be seen. The impact of subsurface absorption of shortwave radiation on melt and snow temperature is significant, and discussed. In winter, longwave cooling of the surface is entirely compensated by a downward turbulent transport of sensible heat. In summer, the positive net radiative flux is compensated by melt, and quite frequently by upward turbulent diffusion of heat and moisture, leading to sublimation and weak convection over the ice shelf. The month of November 2010 is highlighted, when strong westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula led to a dry and warm föhn wind over the ice shelf, resulting in warm and sunny conditions. Under these conditions the increase in shortwave and sensible heat fluxes is larger than the decrease of net longwave and latent heat fluxes, providing energy for significant melt.

scholarly journals The missing whales: relevance of “struck and lost” rates for the impact assessment of historical whaling in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgana Vighi ◽  
Asunción Borrell ◽  
Jennifer A Jackson ◽  
Emma L Carroll ◽  
Maria Grazia Pennino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Physeter Macrocephalus ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Right Whale ◽  
Eubalaena Australis ◽  
Southwestern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Southern Right Whales ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The massive impact that open-boat historical whaling (18th to 20th centuries) had on whale populations has been traditionally estimated from records of oil and baleen plate production. However, an unknown proportion of hunted whales were struck, wounded, eventually killed, but lost, and not included in these records, suggesting that whaling impact may be critically underestimated. Whaling logbooks provide a key source for assessing past catches and losses. Here, we extract detailed records of 19875 days of activity in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean from 255 logbooks of offshore whaling voyages. During the period considered (1776–1923), whalers first targeted southern right whales (Eubalaena australis, 2497 sightings and 658 catches), gradually substituted by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, 1157 sightings and 843 catches) after 1840. Loss rate factors, calculated to account for the number of “struck and lost” whales, decreased across time for both species, and were particularly high (ranging 1.09–1.6) for the southern right whale, whose population was drastically reduced by whaling, as compared to previous estimates based on rough catch records. Accurate accounting for these “lost” individuals is essential for reconstructing the impact of whaling on cetacean populations and for a proper assessment of their initial population size and demographic trends.

scholarly journals Uncertainty analysis of computational methods for deriving sensible heat flux values from scintillometer measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 741-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Solignac ◽  
A. Brut ◽  
J.-L. Selves ◽  
J.-P. Béteille ◽  
J.-P. Gastellu-Etchegorry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Ratio Measurement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Closure Method

Abstract. The use of scintillometers to determine sensible heat fluxes is now common in studies of land-atmosphere interactions. The main interest in these instruments is due to their ability to quantify energy distributions at the landscape scale, as they can calculate sensible heat flux values over long distances, in contrast to Eddy Covariance systems. However, scintillometer data do not provide a direct measure of sensible heat flux, but require additional data, such as the Bowen ratio (β), to provide flux values. The Bowen ratio can either be measured using Eddy Covariance systems or derived from the energy balance closure. In this work, specific requirements for estimating energy fluxes using a scintillometer were analyzed, as well as the accuracy of two flux calculation methods. We first focused on the classical method (used in standard softwares) and we analysed the impact of the Bowen ratio on flux value and uncertainty. For instance, an averaged Bowen ratio (β) of less than 1 proved to be a significant source of measurement uncertainty. An alternative method, called the "β-closure method", for which the Bowen ratio measurement is not necessary, was also tested. In this case, it was observed that even for low β values, flux uncertainties were reduced and scintillometer data were well correlated with the Eddy Covariance results. Besides, both methods should tend to the same results, but the second one slightly underestimates H while β decreases (<5%).

scholarly journals Near-surface climate and surface energy budget of Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctic Peninsula

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 2665-2697
Author(s):  
P. Kuipers Munneke ◽  
M. R. van den Broeke ◽  
J. C. King ◽  
T. Gray ◽  
C. H. Reijmer
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Data collected by two automatic weather stations (AWS) on the Larsen C ice shelf, Antarctica, between 22 January 2009 and 1 February 2011 are analyzed and used as input for a model that computes the surface energy budget (SEB), including melt energy. The two AWSs are separated by about 70 km in the north-south direction, and both the near-surface meteorology and the SEB show similarities, although small differences in all components (most notably the melt flux) can be seen. The impact of subsurface absorption of shortwave radiation on melt and snow temperature is significant, and discussed. In winter, longwave cooling of the surface is entirely compensated by a downward turbulent transport of sensible heat. In summer, the positive net radiative flux is compensated by melt, and quite frequently by upward turbulent diffusion of heat and moisture, leading to sublimation and weak convection over the ice shelf. The month of November 2010 is highlighted, when strong westerly flow over the Antarctic Peninsula led to a dry and warm föhn wind over the ice shelf, resulting in warm and sunny conditions. Under these conditions the increase in shortwave and sensible heat fluxes is larger than the reduction of net longwave and latent heat fluxes, providing energy for significant melt.

Validating the Land-Atmosphere Coupling Behavior in Weather and Climate Models Using Observationally-Based Global Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedeh Abdolghafoorian ◽  
Paul A. Dirmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Observational Uncertainty ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe interactions between land and atmosphere (with terrestrial and atmospheric coupling segments) play a significant role in weather and climate. A predominant segment of land-atmosphere (L-A) feedbacks is the coupling between soil moisture (SM) and surface heat fluxes, the terrestrial coupling leg. The lack of high-quality long-term globally distributed observations, however, has hindered a robust, realistic identification of the terrestrial leg strength on a global scale. This exploratory study provides insight into how SM signals are translated into surface flux signals through the construction of a global depiction of the terrestrial leg from several recently developed global, gridded, observationally- and satellite-based data sets. The feasibility of producing global gridded estimates of L-A coupling metrics is explored. Five weather and climate models used for subseasonal to seasonal forecasting are confronted with the observational estimates to discern discrepancies that may affect their ability to predict phenomena related to L-A feedbacks, such as drought or heat waves. The terrestrial feedback leg from observations corroborates the “hot spots” of L-A coupling found in modeling studies, but the variances in daily time series of surface fluxes differ markedly. Better agreement and generally higher confidence are seen in metrics using latent heat flux than sensible heat flux. Observational metrics allow for clear stratification of model fidelity that is consistent across seasons, despite observational uncertainty. The results highlight the impact of SM on partitioning available surface energy and illustrate the potential of global observationally-based data sets for the assessment of such relationships in weather and climate models.

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