scholarly journals Cargo insurance according to Incoterms 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194
Author(s):  
Vera Karać
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
Do So

In 2020, the new version of Incoterms trade terms came into force. The author raises the issue of the connection between these trade terms and cargo insurance. Th rough the concept of the sale of goods contract, in which some of the aforementioned trade terms are incorporated, the author provides an answer to the question who has a duty to conclude cargo insurance contract and in what way or who has an interest to do so. The provided analysis suggests that the Incoterms rules do not contain special rules regarding cargo insurance, but only guidelines for the seller what kind of insurance contract must be concluded according to CIF and CIP clauses, while other clauses contain a provision "without obligation". The most significant novelty is increasing the necessary insurance cover imposed by CIP clause. However, this does not make Incoterms 2020 a revolutionary version, but rather a development of earlier editions.

scholarly journals Weather-Index Drought Insurance in Burkina-Faso: Assessment of Its Potential Interest to Farmers

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Berg ◽  
Philippe Quirion ◽  
Benjamin Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Index Insurance ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Weather Index ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
Weather Index Insurance ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Do So

Abstract By using a detailed agricultural and climate dataset over Burkina-Faso and simple assumptions regarding the form of an insurance contract, the authors investigate the potential economic efficiency for farmers of a weather-index insurance system in this country. To do so, the results of more than 3000 simulated contracts applied to 30 districts, 21 yr (1984–2004), and five crops (cotton, millet, sorghum, maize, and groundnut) are explored. It is found that such an insurance system, even based on a simple weather index like cumulative rainfall during the rainy season, can present a significant economic efficiency for some crops and districts. The determinants of the efficiency of such contracts are analyzed in terms of yield/index correlations and yield variability. As a consequence of these two main determinants, the farmer’s gain from an insurance contract is higher in the driest part of the country. In the same way, maize and groundnuts are the most suitable to implement an insurance system since their respective yields show a large variance and a generally high correlation with the weather index. However, the implementation of a real weather-index insurance system in West Africa raises a number of key practical issues related to cultural, economic, and institutional aspects.

scholarly journals Weather-index drought insurance in Burkina-Faso: assessment of its potential interest to farmers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Berg ◽  
Philippe Quirion ◽  
Benjamin Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Index Insurance ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Weather Index ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
Weather Index Insurance ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Do So

By using a detailed agricultural and climate dataset over Burkina-Faso and simple assumptions regarding the form of an insurance contract, the authors investigate the potential economic efficiency for farmers of a weather-index insurance system in this country. To do so, the results of more than 3000 simulated contracts applied to 30 districts, 21 yr (1984–2004), and five crops (cotton, millet, sorghum, maize, and groundnut) are explored. It is found that such an insurance system, even based on a simple weather index like cumulative rainfall during the rainy season, can present a significant economic efficiency for some crops and districts. The determinants of the efficiency of such contracts are analyzed in terms of yield/index correlations and yield variability. As a consequence of these two main determinants, the farmer's gain from an insurance contract is higher in the driest part of the country. In the same way, maize and groundnuts are the most suitable to implement an insurance system since their respective yields show a large variance and a generally high correlation with the weather index. However, the implementation of a real weather-index insurance system in West Africa raises a number of key practical issues related to cultural, economic, and institutional aspects.

The Statutory Duty of Customer Needs and Requirements Assessment in Liability Insurance

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (99) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Serwach
Keyword(s):  
Civil Liability ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Customer Needs ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Statutory Duty ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Legal Concepts

The article aims at considering the general rules for the assessment of customer needs and requirements as well as presenting the reasons for the introduction of this obligation and showing the differences between the above-mentioned legal concepts. Furthermore, the author examines the necessity to recognize the customer needs and requirements in the civil liability insurance. She emphasizes that, due to the nature of the civil liability insurance, it is a fundamental need of the liability insurance customer to conclude an insurance contract with the insurance cover as comprehensive as possible. In contrast to other types of insurance, in the case of which the claims settlement or the amount of compensation are also important, in liability insurance customers want to obtain a guarantee that in the event of an injury to a third party they will not be obliged to compensate it personally. This obligation will be ‘taken over’ by the insurer, with whom the liability insurance contract has been signed. It is the policyholder (the insured) and not the injured who is the liability insurance customer, whose needs and requirements are analyzed.

scholarly journals Disclosure duties in insurance contract

Pravni zapisi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-212
Author(s):  
Katarina Ivančević
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Contractual Obligation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
European Insurance ◽  
Preliminary Draft

In this paper, the author considers issues related to the pre-contractual obligation of the insurance policyholder to report to the insurer circumstances significant for the risk assessment. The aim of this paper is to compare the provisions of the The Law on Contract and Torts (LCT), proposals for changes in Serbian law envisaged in the Preliminary Draft of the Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia with solutions from comparative law and the provisions of the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL). The analysis showed that it is necessary to update the solutions from the LCT and that the proposed changes, in terms of special rules regarding the obligation to report circumstances relevant to risk assessment to the insurer, are largely in line with modern solutions in comparative law and PEICL. The author points out that the proposed solutions can be supplemented and improved.

Employee Capital Plans in the Form of Insurance - Legal Aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Piotr Wrzesiński
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Insurance Contract ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Investment Fund ◽  
Common System ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Additional Value

Employee Capital Plans (PPK in Polish) are a part of a common system of voluntary pension savings schemes under the third pillar. They are assumed to cover all employees. However, each employee will be able to opt out of the participation in the program.The financial institutions eligible to offer Employee Capital Plans will include investment fund companies, general pension societies and employee pension societies as well as insurance companies. The opportunity to collect capital within the framework of Employee Capital Funds in the form of unit-linked life insurance will have an additional value for the participants, namely an insurance cover. Nevertheless, due to particular regulatory requirements and the difference between the insurance contract and other forms of Employee Capital Funds, it involves certain consequences. The present article is an attempt to address the essential issues concerning Employee Capital Funds offered in the form of insurance, regarding the insurance contract itself, such as insurance coverage or the nature of the contracts for the management and operation of Employee Capital Plans, as well as general matters, which exert an influence on the ECPs provided by insurance undertakings.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Debates in Dysphagia Management: How Do You Use Evidence-Based Practice in Your Dysphagia Patient Care?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-123
Author(s):  
Jeri A. Logemann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Do So

Evidence-based practice requires astute clinicians to blend our best clinical judgment with the best available external evidence and the patient's own values and expectations. Sometimes, we value one more than another during clinical decision-making, though it is never wise to do so, and sometimes other factors that we are unaware of produce unanticipated clinical outcomes. Sometimes, we feel very strongly about one clinical method or another, and hopefully that belief is founded in evidence. Some beliefs, however, are not founded in evidence. The sound use of evidence is the best way to navigate the debates within our field of practice.

The Persnickety Pervasiveness of Rating Enhancement in Personality Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia A. Stachowski ◽  
John T. Kulas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Shared Sets ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Original Target ◽  
Target Profile ◽  
Do So ◽  
Normative Influences

Abstract. The current paper explores whether self and observer reports of personality are properly viewed through a contrasting lens (as opposed to a more consonant framework). Specifically, we challenge the assumption that self-reports are more susceptible to certain forms of response bias than are informant reports. We do so by examining whether selves and observers are similarly or differently drawn to socially desirable and/or normative influences in personality assessment. Targets rated their own personalities and recommended another person to also do so along shared sets of items diversely contaminated with socially desirable content. The recommended informant then invited a third individual to additionally make ratings of the original target. Profile correlations, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and simple patterns of agreement/disagreement consistently converged on a strong normative effect paralleling item desirability, with all three rater types exhibiting a tendency to reject socially undesirable descriptors while also endorsing desirable indicators. These tendencies were, in fact, more prominent for informants than they were for self-raters. In their entirety, our results provide a note of caution regarding the strategy of using non-self informants as a comforting comparative benchmark within psychological measurement applications.

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