The Journalist's Tort Responsibility and The Ways To Avoid It In Light of The Saudi Press And Publication System: An Analytical Study

This study aims to determine the tort responsibility of the journalist in case of violating the rights of individuals and the extent of the possibility to avoid the tort responsibility of the journalist. This can happen through the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law, based on the reasoning of its decisions on Article (9) of the Saudi Press and Publication Law. In the research, the analytical approach is used to the relevant texts from the Saudi Press and Publication System and the applied approach, which is based on strengthening legal and legal positions with judicial positions. In this study, the author addresses the pillars of the tort responsibility of the journalist by highlighting the pillars of Tort and damage, with the possibility of pushing the journalist to tort responsibility through satisfaction with the publication and the right to objective criticism. The study recommended: reorganizing the journalist’s tort responsibility through the inclusion of legal texts in the publications and publishing system due to the absence of legalization of financial transactions, which shows the general rules of responsibility, and publishing the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law as a result of the absence of legalization of civil transactions.Keywords: Journalist Tort; Human Dignity; Privacy; Moral Damage; Objective Criticism Tanggung Jawab Kerugian Wartawan dan Cara Menghindarinya Berdasarkan Sistem Publikasi dan Pers Saudi: Sebuah Studi Analitis Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan dalam kasus pelanggaran hak-hak individu dan sejauh mana kemungkinan untuk menghindari tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran ketentuan Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi, berdasarkan pertimbangan keputusannya pada Pasal (9) Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi. Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan analitis digunakan pada teks-teks yang relevan dari Saudi Press and Publication System dan pendekatan terapan, yang didasarkan pada penguatan posisi hukum dan hukum dengan posisi yudisial. Dalam studi ini, penulis membahas pilar-pilar tanggung jawab kerugian jurnalis dengan menyoroti pilar-pilar kerugian dan kerugian, dengan kemungkinan mendorong jurnalis untuk melakukan tanggung jawab kerugian melalui kepuasan terhadap publikasi dan hak atas kritik yang objektif. Kajian ini merekomendasikan: menata kembali tanggung jawab wanprestasi jurnalis melalui pencantuman teks hukum dalam sistem penerbitan dan penerbitan karena tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi keuangan, yang menunjukkan aturan umum pertanggungjawaban, dan mempublikasikan keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran. ketentuan Hukum Pers dan Publikasi Saudi sebagai akibat tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi perdata.Kata Kunci: Gugatan Wartawan; Harga diri manusia; Pribadi; Kerusakan Moral; Kritik Objektif Деликатная ответственность журналиста и способы ее избежать в свете саудовской прессы и системы публикаций: аналитическое исследованиеАбстрактный:Это исследование направлено на определение деликтной ответственности журналиста в случае нарушения прав человека и степени возможности избежать деликтной ответственности журналиста. Это может произойти в результате решений компетентных комитетов о рассмотрении нарушений положений Закона Саудовской Аравии о печати и публикациях на основании обоснования своих решений по статье (9) Закона Саудовской Аравии о печати и публикациях. В исследовании используется аналитический подход к релевантным текстам из Саудовской системы печати и публикаций и прикладной подход, который основан на усилении юридических и юридических позиций с помощью судебных позиций. В этом исследовании автор обращается к столпам деликтной ответственности журналиста, выделяя столпы деликта и ущерба, с возможностью подтолкнуть журналиста к деликтной ответственности через удовлетворение публикацией и право на объективную критику. В исследовании рекомендовалось: реорганизовать деликтную ответственность журналиста путем включения юридических текстов в системы публикаций и публикации в связи с отсутствием легализации финансовых операций, которая показывает общие правила ответственности, и опубликовать решения компетентных комитетов по рассмотрению нарушений. положений Закона о печати и публикациях Саудовской Аравии в результате отсутствия легализации гражданских сделок.Ключевые слова: журналист Tort; Человеческое достоинство; Конфиденциальность; Моральный урон; Объективная критика

A phase-shifting anterior-posterior network organizes global phase relations

Prior research has identified a variety of task-dependent networks that form through inter-regional phase-locking of oscillatory activity as neural correlates of specific behaviors. Despite ample knowledge of task-specific functional networks, general rules governing global phase relations have not been investigated. In order to discover such general rules, we focused on phase modularity, measured as the degree to which global phase relations in EEG comprised distinct synchronized clusters interacting with one another at large phase lags. Synchronized clusters were detected with a standard community-detection algorithm, and the level of phase modularity was quantified by the index q. Our findings suggest that phase modularity is functionally consequential since (1) temporal distribution of q was invariant across a broad range of frequencies (3-50 Hz examined) and behavioral conditions (resting with the eyes closed or watching a silent nature video), and (2) neural interactions (measured as power correlations) in beta-to-gamma bands consistently increased in high-modularity states. Notably, we found that the mechanism controlling phase modularity is remarkably simple. A network comprising anterior-posterior long-distance connectivity coherently shifted phase relations from low-angles (|Δθ| < π/4) in low-modularity states (bottom 5% in q) to high-angles (|Δθ| > 3π/4) in high-modularity states (top 5% in q), accounting for fluctuations in phase modularity. This anterior-posterior network likely plays a fundamental functional role as it controls phase modularity across a broad range of frequencies and behavioral conditions. These results may motivate future investigations into the functional roles of phase modularity as well as the anterior-posterior network that controls it.

Criminological features of cybercrime against minors

Cybercrime today is one of the fastest growing types of criminal activity that encroach on various social groups of community. Today, in addition to criminal acts aimed at economic profit, the level of criminal infringements aimed at the personal rights of children, has increased, as has the involvement of minors in the commission of serious and particularly serious crimes. Crimes against children committed in the information environment are different from traditional forms of criminal abuse, and are characterized by particular cruelty, a high level of proficiency of perpetrators, anonymity (identity of a perpetrator is hidden behind an information code) and transnationality. Conditionally the activities of cybercriminals can be categorized as offences aimed at the personal rights of children and criminal acts aimed at involving minors in offences through the information environment. Cybercriminal activities include, inter alia, trafficking in children in information and telecommunications networks; sexual exploitation of minors, including involvement in prostitution; inducement of children to commit suicide; and others. Such acts constitute serious or particularly serious crimes aimed at violating the personal rights of children, whose protection requires the development of national legislation and constant international cooperation. The author believes that specific international treaties on cooperation in the detection of cybercrime should be concluded, as well as general rules on the definition of various forms of cybercrime.

General rules of qualification of a criminal offense taking into account its stages

The conceptual apparatus which is a starting point for qualification of a criminal offense taking into account its stages is considered. General rules for qualifying a criminal offense, taking into account its stages, are proposed.

Procedural and organizational activities in the seizure of electronic media

The article is devoted to the procedural procedure for the seizure of electronic media, taking into account the general rules for the production of investigative actions. The problems of regulating the production of investigative actions, within which it is possible to seize electronic media and law enforcement practice on this issue, are subjected to a detailed study and analysis. It also formulated conclusions and proposals for amendments aimed at eliminating insufficiently clear regulation of legislation and improving law enforcement practice. The main goal of the scientific work is to form a correct understanding of the determination of the grounds and the procedural procedure for the seizure of electronic media of information in the course of investigative actions in compliance with the requirements of the criminal procedure law. For this, some scientific ideas on this issue have been analyzed, the provisions of the criminal procedure law in terms of general rules for the production of investigative actions and other provisions of the law related to the procedure for the seizure of electronic media have been studied in detail, law enforcement practice has been studied. We used formal logical, descriptive, comparative legal methods and the method of interpreting legal norms. The result of the scientific research is conclusions and proposals on the features of the seizure of electronic media in criminal cases in the field of entrepreneurial activity, on the participation of a specialist and attesting witnesses in the seizure or copying of information from electronic media.

Law and Logic: E. Bulygin’s Deductive Pattern of Judicial Reasoning

In the twentieth century, the debate over the possibilities and limits of logic in law became particularly acute with the emergence of judicial realism, a philosophical and legal trend that denied the deductive nature of judicial decision-making. This compromised the theory of the judicial syllogism, assuming that a judicial decision could be deduced as a logical consequence from the premises - norms and facts, and generally provoked a sceptical attitude towards logic in law. The subject of the article is the deductive model of the justification of judicial decisions proposed by the outstanding legal philosopher Eugenio Bulygin. The aim of the article is to show Bulygin’s contribution to the improvement of the deductive model of judicial reasoning. The main innovations Bulygin brought to the deductive model of judicial reasoning are: 1) justifying, based on logical analysis and open texture of language theory, the analytical character of the court interpretative sentences; 2) distinguishing the individual and the generic subsumptions, etc. At the same time, the authors conclude that Bulygin’s improved deductive theory is not free from criticism, as the Argentine jurist does not succeed in complete eliminating doubts about the logical deducibility of at least some categories of decisions from general rules.

SOME ISSUES OF ARRESTING SECURITIES IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

The features of the seizure of securities in comparison with the general rules for the seizure of property in criminal proceedings are investigated. The purposes of arresting securities in criminal proceedings are analyzed. The question is raised about the reasons why the legislator separated securities from other property in relation to the possibility of arrest to ensure the execution of a sentence in part of a civil claim. The connection between the characteristic properties inherent only in securities, due to their economic and substantive nature, and the content of the criminal procedure prohibition, which is established by the court when seizing securities, is discussed. It is pointed out that it is necessary to develop criteria and limits for the establishment by the court in criminal proceedings of prohibitions on the exercise of rights on seized securities. The applicability of the general rules for the seizure of property in criminal proceedings in terms of the seizure and transfer of the seized property for custody to documentary and non-documentary securities is analyzed. The issue of developing criteria and other rules for making a decision on the seizure and transfer of seized securities for safekeeping, as well as a procedural mechanism for protecting the interests of participants in criminal proceedings from the loss of their value by seized securities, is being raised.

EEC ACTIVITIES TO PREVENT VIOLATIONS OF THE GENERAL RULES OF COMPETITION IN CROSS-BORDER MARKETS

The article presents a study of the activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission in the field of suppressing anticompetitive conduct restoring a level playing field in the cross-border markets of the Eurasian Economic Union. The study is provides an overview and classification of the most widely used performance indicators of the antimonopoly agency based on world practice. The reasons for the inexpediency, and sometimes the impossibility of using most of them in order to assess the performance of the supranational antimonopoly authority of the Eurasian Economic Union, are indicated. It is analyzed what indicators of the work of the Eurasian Economic Commission can give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of its activities based on the available data. The article presents the results of assessing the activities of the supranational antimonopoly authority according to various criteria in the field of considering the cases of a potential violation of the general rules of competition in cross-border markets for 2016-2019. It is concluded that as a whole the antimonopoly policy of the integration grouping successfully copes with the task of suppressing anti-competitive behavior and restoring fair competition and meets international standards, despite a number of difficulties in this area.

PRESTANAK UGOVORA O POSREDOVANjU U SPORTU

The general rules of contract law apply to the termination of the contract on mediation in sport. In addition to the general methods of termination of the contract, from the specifics of the legal relationship established by the contract on mediation in sport derive certain specifics related to its termination. Disctiveness that characterize the termination of the contract on mediation in sports are the subject of research in this paper.