scholarly journals “Dysrationalia” among university students: The role of cognitive abilities, different aspects of rational thought and self-control in explaining epistemically suspect beliefs

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikola Erceg ◽  
Zvonimir Galić ◽  
Andreja Bubić
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Rational Thought

The aim of the study was to investigate the role that cognitive abilities, rational thinking abilities, cognitive styles and self-control play in explaining the endorsement of epistemically suspect beliefs among university students. A total of 159 students participated in the study. We found that different aspects of rational thought (i.e. rational thinking abilities and cognitive styles) and self-control, but not intelligence, significantly predicted the endorsement of epistemically suspect beliefs. Based on these findings, it may be suggested that intelligence and rational thinking, although related, represent two fundamentally different constructs. Thus, deviations from rational thinking could be well described by the term “dysrationalia”, meaning the inability to think rationally despite having adequate intelligence. We discuss the implications of the results, as well as some drawbacks of the study.

scholarly journals Risk Perception of HIV/AIDS and Low Self-Control Trait: Explaining Preventative Behaviors Among Iranian University Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safooreh Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
Hamid Allahverdipour ◽  
Behrouz Fathi ◽  
Shayesteh Shirzadi
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
High Level ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
Hiv Aids

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>In spite of developed countries there are progressive trend about HIV/AIDS and its' aspects of transmission in the low socio-economic societies.<strong> </strong>The aim of this was to explain the youth’s behavior in adopting HIV/AIDS related preventive behaviors in a sample of Iranian university students by emphasizing on fear appeals approaches alongside examining the role of self-control trait for explaining adoption on danger or fear control processes based on Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM).<strong></strong></p> <p><strong>METHODS: </strong>A sample of 156 randomly selected university students in Jolfa, Iran was recruited in a predictive cross-sectional study by application of a researcher-designed questionnaire through self-report data collection manner. Sexual high risk behaviors, the EPPM variables, self-control trait, and general self-efficacy were measured as theoretical framework.<strong></strong></p> <p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Findings indicated that 31.3% of participants were in the fear control process versus 68.7% in danger control about HIV/AIDS and also the presence of multi-sex partners and amphetamine consumption amongst the participants. Low self-control trait and low perceived susceptibility significantly were related to having a history of multi-sex partners while high level of self-efficacy significantly increased the probability of condom use.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Findings of the study were indicative of the protective role of high level of self-control, perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy factors on youth's high-risk behaviors and their preventative skills as well.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Attitudes Towards Self-change: A Comparison of Japanese and American University Students

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Crystal ◽  
Kazuo Kato ◽  
Sheryl Olson ◽  
Hirozumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
University Students ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
American University

This study examined attitudes related to the possibility of changing cognitions and behaviours among samples of college students in the United States and Japan. Students were asked to identify three things about themselves that they wanted to change, the method they would use to effect these changes, how difficult they thought making such changes would be, and how much they desired to make the changes. Japanese and US students differed significantly in the frequency with which they mentioned all seven aspects of the self that were targeted for change. Students in the United States expressed a desire to improve their sociability, academic achievement and cognitive abilities, physical appearance, and sense of individuality. Students in Japan were most concerned about enhancing their relationships with others, self-control and motivation, and ability to manage practical affairs. In addition, US respondents were more likely than their Japanese counterparts to use behaviour-oriented strategies, to believe it was easy to make self-changes, and to indicate a strong desire to improve the self. The findings are discussed in the context of theories describing different cultural construals of self, and of empirical research on differences between collectivistic and individualistic cultures.

scholarly journals Delayed gratification in New Caledonian crows and young children: influence of reward type and visibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Miller ◽  
Anna Frohnwieser ◽  
Martina Schiestl ◽  
Dakota E. McCoy ◽  
Russell D. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Delay Of Gratification ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Delayed Gratification ◽  
New Caledonian Crows ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Self-control underlies cognitive abilities such as decision making and future planning. Delay of gratification is a measure of self-control and involves obtaining a more valuable outcome in the future by tolerating a delay or investing a greater effort in the present. Contextual issues, such as reward visibility and type, may influence delayed gratification performance, although there has been limited comparative investigation between humans and other animals, particularly non-primate species. Here, we adapted an automated ‘rotating tray’ paradigm used previously with capuchin monkeys to test for delay of gratification ability that requires little pre-test training, where the subject must forgo an immediate, less preferred reward for a delayed, more preferred one. We tested New Caledonian crows and 3–5-year-old human children. We manipulated reward types to differ in quality or quantity (Experiments 1 and 2) as well as visibility (Experiment 2). In Experiments 1 and 2, both species performed better when the rewards varied in quality as opposed to quantity, though performed above chance in both conditions. In Experiment 1, both crows and children were able to delay gratification when both rewards were visible. In Experiment 2, 5-year-old children outperformed 3- and 4-year olds, though overall children still performed well, while the crows struggled when reward visibility was manipulated, a result which may relate to difficulties in tracking the experimenters’ hands during baiting. We discuss these findings in relation to the role of contextual issues on self-control when making species comparisons and investigating the mechanisms of self-control.

The role of sexting and related behaviors to victimization via nonconsensual pornography: an exploratory analysisof university students

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine D. Marcum ◽  
Barbara H. Zaitzow ◽  
George E. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dating Apps ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
University Setting

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of university students with nonconsensual pornography. The focus of the present work is on nonconsensual pornography – the nonconsensual distribution of intimate images and sexual extortion – that are becoming common experiences for many people. While the forms of nonconsensual pornography may vary, each case has one thing in common: the offender has shared a private image of the victim without the victim’s consent. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study was collected from student participants at a southeastern university. The stratified sample of university students was sent a link to an online survey and the responses of those who chose to respond were used in subsequent analyses (n = 300). Findings The findings of this exploratory study show low self-control as a significant predictor of sexting. Significant predictors of victimization via nonconsensual pornography included participation in sexting and use of dating apps. Originality/value While not generalizable, the descriptive data provide an important landscape for consideration of policy and legal recommendations to protect potential victims as well as would-be perpetrators beyond a university setting.

scholarly journals Two Experience Sampling Studies Examining the Variation of Self-Control Capacity and Its Relationship with Core Affect in Daily Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Karin Smolders ◽  
Daniel Lakens ◽  
Wijnand IJsselsteijn
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Nomological Network ◽  
Sampling Studies ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Core Affect

To facilitate a better understanding of the role of self-control capacity in self-control processes, we examined its variation at intraindividual and interindividual levels, and positioned it in a nomological network with core affect. In two experience sampling studies, 286 university students reported their self-control capacity and core affect for a week. Results revealed larger person-to-person than day-to-day variation in self-control capacity, while its moment-to-moment variation could be weakly modeled as a diurnal pattern. Interindividually, participants with higher self-control capacity were happier and less stressed, but intraindividually higher self-control capacity was mainly associated with higher alertness and energetic arousal. Our results imply that self-control capacity is better conceptualized as a composition of interrelated sub-constructs rather than as a unified resource.

scholarly journals The Role of Ego in Margayya’s Fall in the Financial Expert -A Psychological Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Mr. P. Jose
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Rational Thinking ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
Financial Expert ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Psychological Influence

Ego is one of the most important elements in human personality and although everyone has ego, people manage their ego differently. Some people take it very seriously and act in a way to retaliate, if their ego is hurt while others think and balance their ego before it builds aggression which would bring their own downfall. Since people are driven by their egocentric mindset, any disgrace, disappointment or failure would hurt their ego which would force them to build aggression, reduce rational thinking and lead them to engage in unethical and illegal acts. When Margayya’s ego was hurt by the secretary of the bank when he insulted him and almost ended his finance career, he wanted to accumulate more wealth. He didn’t worry about the ways and means but focused on the destination and he was guided by his ego that led him to mistreat and disrespect people throughout the novel. His obsession with money and prestige forced him to act rudely that ended his career as one of the best financial wizards. When people are led by their ego, it would lead them to their own downfall and destruction as they would be guided by lack of self-control and distrust on others. His obsession with money led him to show off his superiority in order to defeat the cooperative bank secretary and earn respect in the society. This paper brings out the Psychological influence of ego in Margayya’s character in the novel, The Financial Expert.

scholarly journals Physical Exercise Decreases the Mobile Phone Dependence of University Students in China: The Mediating Role of Self-Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan Yang ◽  
Guang-xin Tan ◽  
Yue-xiang Li ◽  
Hai-ying Liu ◽  
Song-tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
University Students ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Quota Sampling

This study aimed to explore the relationship between physical exercise (PE) and mobile phone dependence (MPD) in Chinese university students and verify the potential role of self-control (SC) in mediating the decrease of MPD by PE. Through the quota sampling, 608 students that complied with the requirements were surveyed from 10 universities in China. PE, MPD, and SC were assessed using standard scales. For data analysis, t-tests, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression, and regression analysis were carried out in turn. The results showed significant gender differences in PE, MPD, and SC. For male students, the level of PE and score of SC were higher than those in females, yet the MPD score was lower. PE and SC were negatively related to MPD (r = −0.124, p < 0.01; r = −0.563, p < 0.001), so both could remarkably predict MPD (β = −1.00, p < 0.05; β = −0.552, p < 0.001). Gender was also a significant predictor for MPD (β = 0.089, p < 0.05). PE could, to some extent, decrease MPD, in which SC played a significant mediating role—its mediating effect accounted for nearly 71% of the total effect. The present study shows that PE is negatively correlated with MPD, and SC mediates the decrease of MPD by PE for university students in China. This indicates that the improvement of SC by PE could be a highly trustworthy and practicable way to effectively address the issue of MPD in university students or other young people across the world.

The Role of Self-Control Strength in the Development of State Anxiety in Test Situations

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 976-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Englert ◽  
A. Bertrams
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
University Students ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Strength ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Affect State

Self-control strength may affect state anxiety because emotion regulation is impaired in individuals whose self-control strength has been temporarily depleted. Increases in state anxiety were expected to be larger for participants with depleted compared to nondepleted self-control strength, and trait test anxiety should predict increases in state anxiety more strongly if self-control strength is depleted. In a sample of 76 university students, trait test anxiety was assessed, self-control strength experimentally manipulated, and state anxiety measured before and after the announcement of a test. State anxiety increased after the announcement. Trait test anxiety predicted increases in state anxiety only in students with depleted self-control strength, suggesting that increased self-control strength may be useful for coping with anxiety.

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