On the need to investigate the barriers to physical activity that are specific to stigmatized individuals

Understanding what predicts behavior change is a hot topic in health psychology, especially with regard to physical activity. While existing research has revealed key factors of physical activity (e.g., reasoned cognitions, automatic processes), it fails to accurately identify those that are specific to the most inactive populations (e.g., older adults, obese individuals, women, people living with chronic disease). In this commentary, we propose to articulate current approaches of health behavior change with the social psychology of stereotypes, based on the observation that inactive groups are often targeted by negative stereotypes. This articulation may allow to better identify the barriers to physical activity that are specific to individuals from the most inactive groups. More particularly, we propose that low self-control resources and self-perceptions may be key factors of physical inactivity in these individuals. This proposition could in turn help to explain why some behavioral change techniques that are efficient in healthy or young adults are inefficient in other individuals.

Examination of the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory—Short Form Among Portuguese Young Adults: Psychometrics and Measurement Invariance

The Weinberger Adjustment Inventory—Short Form (WAI-SF) is a multidimensional measure of behavioral adjustment frequently used with forensic, clinical, and community populations. However, no previous studies have examined the WAI-SF from a more modern psychometric perspective including second-order models, measurement invariance and a better estimation of reliability. The current sample is composed of female and male young adults ( N = 610, M = 21.33 years, SD = 3.09, range = 18–37) from a university context in Portugal. Results indicated that both the four-factor intercorrelated and the four-factor second order models of the WAI-SF Distress and Restraint scales showed good fits. The WAI-SF Distress and Restraint scales were negatively and significantly correlated, and the intercorrelations between the subscales of each scale ranged from moderate to high. The WAI-SF scales and subscales mostly showed adequate to good reliability in terms of McDonald’s Omega and the more traditional Cronbach’s Alpha. Strong cross-gender measurement invariance was demonstrated, with females scoring significantly higher than males on the Anxiety subscale of the Distress scale, and on the Suppression of Aggression, Impulse Control, Consideration of Others, Responsibility subscales, and Restraint scale. The WAI-SF scales and subscales showed distinctive correlates with other measures (e.g., low self-control, psychopathy) and variables (e.g., delinquency seriousness, substance use). Considering our findings, the use of the WAI-SF is recommended among the Portuguese young adult population and its use in criminological research is encouraged.

Development of Self-Control Instruments for Aggressive Behaviorin the Class Xi Vocational School of Diponegoro Majenang

Verbal aggressive behavior is exhibited in individuals due to low self-control. This study aimed to develop instruments for aggressive behavior in students, to help improve the students’ self-control. The instrument development method was used. The data were collected through a questionnaire tested on 30 students of class XI SMK Diponegoro Majenang, chosen by random sampling. The Aiken formula with valid conditions > 0.73 was used for evaluating the validity. The KMO test results of 0.728 > 0.50 meant that the instrument could be considered valid as a measuring instrument. The reliability test was carried out with the Alpha Cronbach formula and a result of 0.853 > 0.60 was obtained. This meant that the self-control scale could be considered reliable to measure the level of control in students exhibiting aggressive behavior Keywords: development; instrument; self-control; aggressive behavior

Low Self-Control and Cybercrime Victimization: An Examination of Indirect Effects Through Risky Online Behavior

Research has established that individuals lower in self-control are at increased risk of offline criminal victimization due to their proclivity to engage in risky routine activities. While some studies have investigated whether a similar pattern is observed in the online context, additional inquiry into whether the link between low self-control and cybercrime victimization operates indirectly through risky online behavior is warranted given certain measurement and methodological limitations of prior research. Using original data collected on a sample of young adults, we find that the association between low self-control and a variety measure of cybercrime victimization operates entirely and indirectly through a variety measure of risky online behaviors. The implications of this finding for policy and programing are discussed.

Why Do Students Become Cyberbullies? Elucidating the Contributions of Specific Developmental Risks to Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is currently considered as a widespread problem among children and adolescents; in particular, the risks of cyberbullying have recently been examined. The empirical analyses of the present work are based on data from a German longitudinal study. The self-reports of adolescents from Dortmund and Nuremberg on both cyberbullying and individual and contextual characteristics were taken into account. The two-wave panel encompasses N = 871 adolescents (44.5% male); the average age was M = 15.1 years (SD = 0.83) at t1. Data on cyberbullying refer to sending insults or threats to others via the Internet, spreading rumours or talking badly about others via the Internet, and sending private e-mails, photos or similar from others in order to embarrass or ridicule the persons concerned. Other characteristics relate to single aspects of psychopathy (egocentric egotism, low self-control, empathy deficits), acceptance of violence, and delinquent peers. The path analytical findings illustrate the predictive relationships between both individual and contextual risks and cyberbullying in adolescence. The empirical results are discussed, among others, from the perspective of developmental and life-course criminology.

Uncovering the Longitudinal and Physiological Associations between Self-Control, Delay of Gratification and Future Thinking

<p>High self-control, better delay of gratification, and future thinking have long been linked theoretically and, more recently, empirically, yet evidence of the causal relationships between them is non-existent. The present research aimed firstly to elucidate the nature of the relationships between self-control, delay of gratification and future thinking, and secondly to investigate whether they are rooted in our physiology. In Study 1, a sample of 174 undergraduates completed a self-report survey three times with 2-month intervals in between. Longitudinal mediation path models were constructed to determine whether and how self-control would function as a mediator between delay of gratification at Time 1 and consideration of future consequences at Time 3. Results showed that delay of gratification predicted higher self-control, which in turn predicted higher concern for future consequences (CFC-F) and a lower concern for immediate consequences (CFC-I). Study 2 further explored this relationship by investigating whether temporal orientation grouping – high- vs. low-CFC – would predict subsequent levels of self-control and delay of gratification in a study of 71 undergraduates. Heart rate variability and cortisol were also examined. Results showed that by grouping participants in terms of CFC it was possible to predict subsequent levels of self-control and gratification delay abilities as expected. While there were no between-groups physiological differences, the methodology allowed for the novel discovery that cortisol was related to cognitive facets of self-control, while HRV was related to emotional functions associated with low self-control (i.e., worry and rumination). These results further highlight the importance of self-control in both our psychological and physiological functioning.</p>

Uncovering the Longitudinal and Physiological Associations between Self-Control, Delay of Gratification and Future Thinking

<p>High self-control, better delay of gratification, and future thinking have long been linked theoretically and, more recently, empirically, yet evidence of the causal relationships between them is non-existent. The present research aimed firstly to elucidate the nature of the relationships between self-control, delay of gratification and future thinking, and secondly to investigate whether they are rooted in our physiology. In Study 1, a sample of 174 undergraduates completed a self-report survey three times with 2-month intervals in between. Longitudinal mediation path models were constructed to determine whether and how self-control would function as a mediator between delay of gratification at Time 1 and consideration of future consequences at Time 3. Results showed that delay of gratification predicted higher self-control, which in turn predicted higher concern for future consequences (CFC-F) and a lower concern for immediate consequences (CFC-I). Study 2 further explored this relationship by investigating whether temporal orientation grouping – high- vs. low-CFC – would predict subsequent levels of self-control and delay of gratification in a study of 71 undergraduates. Heart rate variability and cortisol were also examined. Results showed that by grouping participants in terms of CFC it was possible to predict subsequent levels of self-control and gratification delay abilities as expected. While there were no between-groups physiological differences, the methodology allowed for the novel discovery that cortisol was related to cognitive facets of self-control, while HRV was related to emotional functions associated with low self-control (i.e., worry and rumination). These results further highlight the importance of self-control in both our psychological and physiological functioning.</p>

Self-Control Pada Anak Jalanan Usia Remaja di Kota Serang dan Alternatif Penanganannya dalam Bimbingan dan Konseling

ABSTRAK Penelitian dilatarbelakangi oleh maraknya keberadaan anak jalanan di Kota Serang yang disertai oleh stigma negatif dari masyarakat terhadap perilaku anak jalanan di Kota Serang. tujuan penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui serta memahami gambaran self-control pada anak jalanan usia remaja, mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi self-control pada anak jalanan serta untuk menentukan alternatif layanan bimbingan dan konseling apa yang dapat diberikan oleh konselor kepada anak jalanan usia remaja di Kota Serang dalam meningkatkan self-control. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian studi kasus. Penentuan informan pada metode ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Setting pada penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Serang. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian diperoleh dengan melalui observasi tak terstruktur, wawancara secara langsung, semi terstruktur dan formal serta dengan menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Uji keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode triangulasi sumber data. Adapun dalam analisis data yaitu dengan menggunakan teknik reduksi data, sajian (display) data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa anak jalanan usia remaja di Kota Serang memiliki kemampuan kontrol diri yang rendah atau kurang dapat mengontrol dirinya. Faktor yang melatarbelakangi self-control pada anak jalanan yakni adanya faktor usia dan juga lingkungan keluarga. Disamping itu, terdapat faktor lain yang cukup mempengaruhi kontrol diri pada anak jalanan yaitu adanya pengaruh pendidikan pada anak jalanan. Pendekatan Realitas dengan menggunakan teknik WDEP merupakan alternatif bantuan dari layanan bimbingan dan konseling yang dirasa sesuai dan tepat untuk meningkatkan self-control pada anak jalanan usia remaja di Kota Serang. Kata Kunci : self-control; faktor yang mempengaruhi; konseling; pendekatan Realitas; WDEP. ABSTRACT This research is motivated by the rampant existence of street children in Serang City which is accompanied by a negative stigma from the community towards the behavior of street children in Serang City. The research objectives are to find out and understand the self-control picture of street children in adolescence, to know the factors that influence self-control in street children and to determine what alternative guidance and counseling services can be provided by the counselor to street children in the city of Serang. improve self-control. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study research method. Determination of informants in this method using purposive sampling method. The setting in this study was carried out in Serang City. The data collection method in this research was obtained through unstructured observation, direct interviews, semi-structured and formal and by using the documentation method. The data validity test was carried out using the triangulation method of data sources. As for data analysis, namely by using data reduction techniques, data display and drawing conclusions. The results of the study showed that street children in Serang City had low self-control abilities or had less self-control. The factors behind self-control in street children are age and family environment. In addition, there are other factors that are sufficient to influence self-control in street children, namely the influence of education on street children. The Reality approach using the WDEP technique is an alternative assistance from guidance and counseling services that are deemed appropriate and appropriate to improve self-control in adolescent street children in Serang City. Keywords: self-control; influencing factors; counseling; Reality approach; WDEP.