scholarly journals COVID-19 exposes health worker shortages in the USA and UK, but nationalism and self-interest must not exploit medical workforces from low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Fagan ◽  
L Cairncross ◽  
B Biccard ◽  
G Fieggen ◽  
S Maswime
Keyword(s):  
Health Worker ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
Laura Hakimi ◽  
Anne Geniets ◽  
James O’Donovan ◽  
Niall Winters
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Health Worker ◽  
Community Health Worker ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Methodological Research ◽  
Training And Supervision ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Training and supervision are paramount to well-functioning, adaptable Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes. Balancing theoretical and methodological research, lessons from health worker practice, and case studies, this volume has sought to provide a resource to practitioners, policymakers and academics striving to design equitable, participatory CHW programmes. Weaving together interdisciplinary and multiregional perspectives, this book has focussed on the design, implementation and evaluation of technology-based programmes for training and supervision of CHWs, particularly in low- and middle income countries. In doing so, it has set out a roadmap for future equitable, pedagogy-driven CHW programmes.

scholarly journals Funding allocation to surgery in low and middle-income countries: a retrospective analysis of contributions from the USA

BMJ Open ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. e008780-e008780 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gutnik ◽  
J. Dieleman ◽  
A. J. Dare ◽  
M. S. Ramos ◽  
R. Riviello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Funding Allocation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals A systematic review of tools used to screen and assess for externalising behaviour symptoms in low and middle income settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nezafat Maldonado ◽  
J. Chandna ◽  
M. Gladstone
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Behavioural Difficulties ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background.Mental health issues, often manifested as behavioural difficulties, in children are estimated to be high in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) settings. There is a paucity of definitive data due to a lack of well-validated tools to use across settings. This review aims to provide evidence on what tools are used and which have been adapted and validated in LMIC settings.Methods.We performed a systematic review to identify tools used to assess or screen externalising behaviour problems in children and adolescents in LMIC and assess their cultural adaptations. We searched for studies measuring externalising behaviour in children from 0 to 19 years published up to September 2018. Articles were assessed to identify tools used and analysed using the Ecological Validity Framework.Results.We identified 82 articles from over 50 LMICs who had studied externalising behaviour in children. Twenty-seven tools were identified, with a predominance of studies using tools from the USA and Europe. Most studies did not describe an adaptation and evaluation process, with only one study following recommended criteria. New tools were identified which both screen and assess externalising behaviour which have not yet been utilised across settings.Conclusions.Although tools from the USA and Europe are often utilised to screen and assess for externalising behaviour problems in children in LMICs, the conceptual frameworks behind the use of these tools in other cultural contexts are not always carefully examined. In order to have valid data across cultures, we should aim to adapt and validate tools before use. Provision of processes to validate tools across LMIC settings would be beneficial.

scholarly journals A Practical Measure of Health Facility Efficiency: an Innovation in the Application of Routine Health Information to Determine Health Worker Productivity in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Zabir Hasan ◽  
Girmaye D. Dinsa ◽  
Peter Berman
Keyword(s):  
Health Worker ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Summary Measure ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract BackgroundA simple indicator of technical efficiency, such as productivity of health workers, measured using routine health facility data, can be a practical approach that can inform initiatives to improve efficiency in low and middle-income countries. This paper presents a proof of concept of using routine information from primary healthcare (PHC) facilities to measure health workers’ productivity and its application in three regions of Ethiopia.MethodsIn four steps, we constructed a productivity measure of the health workforce of Health Centers (HCs) and demonstrated its practical application: (1) developing an analytical dataset using secondary data from health management information systems (HMIS) and human resource information system (HRIS); (2) principal component analysis and factor analysis to estimate a summary measure of output from five indicators (annual service volume of outpatient visits, family planning, first antenatal care visits, facility-based deliveries by skilled birth attendance, and children [<1 year] with three pentavalent vaccines); (3) calculating a productivity score by combining the summary measure and the total number of health workers (input); and (4) implementing regression models to identify the determinant of productivity and ranking HCs based on their adjusted productivity score. ResultsWe developed an analytical dataset of 1,128 HCs; however, significant missing values and outliers were reported in the data. The principal component and factor scores developed from the five output measures were highly consistent (correlation coefficient = 0.98). We considered the factor score as the summary measure of outputs for estimating productivity. A very weak association was observed between the summary measure of output and the total number of staff. The result also highlighted a large variability in productivity across similar health facilities in Ethiopia, represented by the significant dispersion in summary measure of output occurring at similar levels of the health workers. ConclusionsWe successfully demonstrated the analytical steps to estimate health worker productivity and its practical application using HMIS and HRIS. The methodology presented in this study can be readily applied in low and middle-income countries using widely available data – such as DHIS2 – that will allow further explorations to understand the causes of technical inefficiencies in the health system.

scholarly journals A Checklist for Implementing Rural Pathways to Train, Develop and Support Health Workers in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda O'Sullivan ◽  
Bruce Chater ◽  
Amie Bingham ◽  
John Wynn-Jones ◽  
Ian Couper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Worker ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Workforce Training ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: There is an urgent need to scale up global action on rural workforce development. This World Health Organization-sponsored research aimed to develop a Rural Pathways Checklist. Its purpose was to guide the practical implementation of rural workforce training, development, and support strategies in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). It was intended for any LMICs, stakeholder, health worker, context, or health problem.Method: Multi-methods involved: (1) focus group concept testing; (2) a policy analysis; (3) a scoping review of LMIC literature; (4) consultation with a global Expert Reference Group and; (5) field-testing over an 18-month period.Results: The Checklist included eight actions for implementing rural pathways in LMICs: establishing community needs; policies and partners; exploring existing workers and scope; selecting health workers; education and training; working conditions for recruitment and retention; accreditation and recognition of workers; professional support/up-skilling and; monitoring and evaluation. For each action, a summary of LMICs-specific evidence and prompts was developed to stimulate reflection and learning. To support implementation, rural pathways exemplars from different WHO regions were also compiled. Field-testing showed the Checklist is fit for purpose to guide holistic planning and benchmarking of rural pathways, irrespective of LMICs, stakeholder, or health worker type.Conclusion: The Rural Pathways Checklist provides an agreed global conceptual framework for the practical implementation of “grow your own” strategies in LMICs. It can be applied to scale-up activity for rural workforce training and development in LMICs, where health workers are most limited and health needs are greatest.

Exploring the Economics of Motorcycle Helmet Laws — Implications for Low and Middle-Income Countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Hyder ◽  
H. Waters ◽  
T. Phillips ◽  
J. Rehwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Helmet Laws ◽  
Low And Middle Income

This paper reviews economic evaluations of motorcycle helmet interventions in preventing injuries. A comprehensive literature review focusing on the e fectiveness of motorcycle helmet use, and on mandatory helmet laws and their enforcement was done. When helmet laws were lifted between 1976-80, 48 states within the USA experienced a cost of $342,047 per excess fatality of annual net savings. Helmet laws in the USA had a benefit-cost ratio of 1.33 to 5.07. Taiwan witnessed a 14% decline in motorcycle fatalities and a 22% reduction of head injury fatalities with the introduction of a helmet law. In Thailand, where 70-90% of all crashes involve motorcycle, after enforcement of a helmet law, helmet-use increased five-fold, the number of injured motorcyclists decreased by 33.5%, head injuries decreased by 41.4%, and deaths decreased by 20.8%. There is considerable evidence that mandatory helmet laws with enforcement alleviate the burden of tra fic injuries greatly. For low and middle-income countries with high rates of motorcycle injuries, enforced, mandatory motorcycle helmet laws are potentially one of the most cost-e fective interventions available. Asia Pac J Public Health 2007; 19(2): 16—22.

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