scholarly journals Prostitutes and Prophylaxis: Venereal Disease, Surveillance, and Discipline in the Canadian Army in Europe, 1939-1945

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-138
Author(s):  
William John Pratt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Army ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
European Women

The wastage of Canadian manpower due to venereal disease (VD) during World War II was an ongoing problem for the Canadian Army. Military authorities took both medical and disciplinary measures in attempt to reduce the number of soldiers that were kept from regular duties while under treatment. The study of the techniques employed to control sexual behaviour and infection places the Canadian Army in a new historical perspective as a modern institution which sought to establish medical surveillance and disciplinary control over soldiers’ bodies. This study also explores Canadian soldiers’ sexual behaviour overseas, showing their engagement in a broken system of regulated prostitution, and with European women who were coping with war’s destabilization and strain by participating in the sex trade. Agents of the Canadian Army overseas extended their disciplinary and surveillance functions from soldiers to their sexual partners. VD rates were low when formations were in combat, but rose to alarming rates when they were out of the line, suggesting that individual agency and sexual choice trumped the efforts of modern discipline.

Military Service and Canadian Army Suicides of the Second World War, 1939–44

2021 ◽  
pp. e20200008
Author(s):  
William J. Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Army ◽  
Total War ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Military Mobilization ◽  
The Many ◽  
Second World

Over 230 Canadian Army soldiers took their own lives during the Second World War. For many, soldiering seems to have exacerbated stresses and depressions. Their suicide notes and the testimony of family, officers, and bunkmates reveal that wartime disturbance was an important section of the complex array of reasons why. In attempts to explain the motivations for their tragic final actions, the instabilities brought by the Second World War and the stresses of military mobilization must be added to the many biological, social, psychological and circumstantial factors revealed by the proceedings of courts of inquiry. Major military risk factors include: access to firearms, suppression of individual agency, and disruption of the protective networks of friends and family. Some Canadians had a difficult time adjusting to military discipline and authority and were frustrated by their inability to succeed by the measures set by the army. Suicide motivations are complex and it may be too simplistic to say that the Second World War caused these deaths, however, it is not too far to say that the war was a factor in their final motivations. Some men, due to the social pressures and constructs of masculine duty, signed up for active service despite previously existing conditions which should have excused them. Revisiting these traumas can expose the difficulties that some Canadians experienced during mobilization for total war. Many brought deep personal pain with them as they entered military service and for some, the disruptions, frustrations, and anxieties of life in khaki were too great to bear. Like their better-known colleagues who died on the battlefield, they too are casualties of the Second World War.

scholarly journals John William Magladery 1911-1977

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-86
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Upper Canada ◽  
World War ◽  
National Hospital ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Canadian Army ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The University

John W. Magladery was born in New Liskeard, Ontario on October 11, 1911. He graduated from Upper Canada College in 1929 and the University of Toronto Medical School in 1935. As a Rhodes scholar, he received the degree of D. Phil, in Neurophysiology from Oxford University in 1937. During World War II, he was a major in the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps. Post-graduate studies were undertaken at the University of Toronto and the National Hospital, Queen Square.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON NEUROSURGERY IN GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II

Neurosurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Collmann ◽  
Hans-Ekkehart Vitzthum
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
World War

German Banking and Japanese Banking: A Comparative Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh M. Neuburger ◽  
Houston H. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
German Development ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Banking Policy

Wherever there are banks there are arguments about the macro-economic effects of banking policy. One of the best theoretical formulations of the effect of German banking on German development appears in Alexander Gerschenkron's “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective” and “Reflections on the Concept of Prerequisites of Modern Industrialization.” This problem is given an empirical treatment in “German Banks and German Growth, 1883–1913: An Empirical View,” by Hugh Neuburger and Houston H. Stokes. Our intention in this paper is to test further our previous findings and to contrast our findings for Germany with those for post-World War II Japan. While the two situations are not entirely comparable they are similar enough to make such a comparison worthwhile.

scholarly journals CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN LATVIA EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT MANAGEMENT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (FROM 1919 TO 1940)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Pāvels Jurs ◽  
Inta Kulberga
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Free State ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
School Life ◽  
The Republic

Independence and freedom of Latvia State since the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918 was interrupted by World War II. During that time the education system of Latvia has also changed, including fundamental principles of educational institution management. The goal of the article is to analyse changes in educational institution management in historical perspective, comparing legal regulations in two periods of Latvia: in the democratic (1919) and authoritarian (1934) regime of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic. In the article the theoretical research methods (method of comparison and critical thinking) and empirical research methods (data collection method and document analysis) have been applied. Comparing the periods of the democratic (from 1919 to 1934) and authoritarian regime (from 1934 to 1940) of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic in the context of educational institution management, it should be mentioned that the legislation of the authoritarian regime envisaged much broader responsibility, duties and rights for the head of the school. Moreover, the head of the school could also have deputies depending on the size of the school. The structure of educational institution management in the authoritarian regime in comparison with the democratic regime was more particular, with a more detailed description of responsibilities, with an increased parents’ involvement in the school life organization.

scholarly journals The Economics of Crisis Innovation Policy: A Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 346-350
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Gross ◽  
Bhaven N. Sampat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Flu Vaccine

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers, researchers, and journalists have made comparisons to World War II. In 1940, a group of top US science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research that yielded innovations like mass-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the objectives of crisis R&D are different than ordinary R&D, we argue that appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy.

scholarly journals Distribution, wealth and demand regimes in historical perspective: the USA, the UK, France and Germany, 1855–2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-367
Author(s):  
Englebert Stockhammer ◽  
Joel Rabinovich ◽  
Niall Reddy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Residential Investment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
The Uk

Most empirical macroeconomic research is limited to the period since World War II. This paper analyses the effects of changes in income distribution and in private wealth on consumption and investment covering a period from as early as 1855 through to 2010 for the UK, France, Germany and the USA, based on the data set of Piketty and Zucman (2014). We contribute to the study of wealth effects, of financialization, and of the nature of demand regimes. We find that overall domestic demand has been wage-led in the USA, the UK and Germany. Total investment responds positively to higher wage shares, which is driven by residential investment. For corporate investment alone, we find a negative relation. Wealth effects are found to be positive and significant for consumption in the USA and the UK, but weaker in France and Germany. Investment is negatively affected by private wealth in the USA and the UK, but positively in France and Germany.

scholarly journals JEWISH AND POLISH DISCOURSES AMONG THE UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN 1940s – 1980s (BASED ON MYKHAYLO DEMKOVYCH-DOBRIANSKYI ARCHIVE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Danylo Kravets
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Europe ◽  
Eastern Institute ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The paper describes M. Demkovych-Dobrianskyi’s views on Ukrainian-Polish and Ukrainian-Jewish relations in historical perspective and his efforts to reach reconciliation between three nations after World War II. Mykhaylo Demkovych-Dobrianskyi, well-known Ukrainian publicist and historian, edited a few Ukrainian periodicals both in Lviv and during his immigration afterwards. Early in 1930s he published articles in different Western Ukrainian newspapers, in which he underlined the necessity for a constructive dialog with Poles. As a “Problemy” magazine editor in late 1940s, M. Dobrianskyi gave a start to the Ukrainian-Polish discussion in European media. During 1950–1970 he was the editor-in-charge of Ukrainian section of Radio Liberty (Munich). In 1950s he began showing his scientific interest toward the Jewish problematic. M. Dobriansky prepared a manuscript of a monograph research entitled “Jews in Ukraine. 14‒18 century”. The manuscript has never been published. Also the author presented a few articles dedicated to the Jewish-Ukrainian relations and the State of Israel. The interest in the Jewish question and Jewish history was a rare phenomenon among Ukrainian diaspora after World War II and many of M. Dobriansky’s thoughts were confronted by other foreign Ukrainians. During his stay in London M. Dobrianskyi was in contact with famous activists from Poland (A. Hermaszewski, J. Giedroyc, J. Iranek-Ośmiecki etc.) and Polish organizations established in postwar Europe (Eastern Institute “Reduta”, Polish-Ukrainian Society for Promotion of Friendship and Understanding, “Kultura” (Paris-based) magazine etc.). He is also the author of two monograph researches dedicated to Polish-Ukrainian relations “Ukraina i Polska”, “Potocki i Bobrzyński”. In his works M. Dobrianskyi always raised important issues, some of which are still presented in public agenda, especially an idea of Ukrainian-Polish alliance against Russian imperialism.

Prostitution in America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Pliley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
White Women ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World War ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Large Populations

Commercialized sexuality became a prominent feature of American urban settings in the early 19th century when young men migrated far from the watchful eyes of family as soldiers and laborers. Concentrated in large populations, and unable to afford the comforts of marriage, these men constituted a reliable pool of customers for women who sold sexual access to their bodies. These women turned to prostitution on a casual or steady basis as a survival strategy in a sex segregated labor market that paid women perilously low wages, or in response to family disruptions such as paternal or spousal abandonment. Prostitution could be profitable and it provided some women with a path towards economic independence, although it brought risks of venereal disease, addiction, violence, harassment by law enforcement, and unintended pregnancy. By mid-century most American cities tolerated red-light districts where brothels thrived as part of the urban sporting culture. Fears that white women were being coerced into prostitution led to the “white slavery” scare of the 1910s, spurring a concerted attack on brothels by progressive reformers. These reformers used the emergency of World War I to close public brothels, pushing America’s sex markets into clandestine spaces and empowering pimps’ control over women’s sexual labor. World War II raised concerns about soldiers’ venereal health that prompted the US military to experiment with different schemes for regulating prostitution that had been developed earlier during the Spanish–American War, as well as in the Philippines and Puerto Rico. After the war, the introduction of antibiotics and the celebration of marriage and family nudged prostitution into the margins of society, where women who sold sex were seen as psychologically deviant, yet men who purchased sex were thought to be sexually liberated. The dawning of second-wave feminism gave birth to the sex workers’ rights movement and a new critique of the criminalization of prostitution. Nevertheless, attitudes about prostitution continue to divide activists, and sex workers still bear the brunt of criminalization.

Past Non-Dependency in the Twenty-first Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Anastassia V. Obydenkova ◽  
Alexander Libman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter aims to provide a different approach to the development of regional IOs since World War II, by singling out non-democratic tendencies in regionalism from a historical perspective. It explores differences between the functioning of DROs and NDROs over the last 70 years—from coerced organizations such as COMECON to modern alliances of autocrats. The chapter argues that the twenty-first-century NDROs (e.g. SCO) are different from those of the last half of the twentieth century (e.g. COMECON) in terms of membership composition, governance structure, and the characteristics discussed in earlier chapters. While historical NDROs were driven by ideologies such as Communism, in the main modern NDROs lack an ideological foundation (with the exception of ALBA and the Islamic world). The ideological foundation of Islamic ROs has changed—from pan-Arabism in the 1940s and 1950s to the dominance of various forms of political Islam and a focus on specific political institutions (e.g. the conservative rule of Gulf monarchies in the GCC).

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