HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON NEUROSURGERY IN GERMANY AFTER WORLD WAR II

Neurosurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 989-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Collmann ◽  
Hans-Ekkehart Vitzthum
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
World War

scholarly journals Prostitutes and Prophylaxis: Venereal Disease, Surveillance, and Discipline in the Canadian Army in Europe, 1939-1945

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-138
Author(s):  
William John Pratt
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Army ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
European Women

The wastage of Canadian manpower due to venereal disease (VD) during World War II was an ongoing problem for the Canadian Army. Military authorities took both medical and disciplinary measures in attempt to reduce the number of soldiers that were kept from regular duties while under treatment. The study of the techniques employed to control sexual behaviour and infection places the Canadian Army in a new historical perspective as a modern institution which sought to establish medical surveillance and disciplinary control over soldiers’ bodies. This study also explores Canadian soldiers’ sexual behaviour overseas, showing their engagement in a broken system of regulated prostitution, and with European women who were coping with war’s destabilization and strain by participating in the sex trade. Agents of the Canadian Army overseas extended their disciplinary and surveillance functions from soldiers to their sexual partners. VD rates were low when formations were in combat, but rose to alarming rates when they were out of the line, suggesting that individual agency and sexual choice trumped the efforts of modern discipline.

German Banking and Japanese Banking: A Comparative Analysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh M. Neuburger ◽  
Houston H. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
German Development ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Banking Policy

Wherever there are banks there are arguments about the macro-economic effects of banking policy. One of the best theoretical formulations of the effect of German banking on German development appears in Alexander Gerschenkron's “Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective” and “Reflections on the Concept of Prerequisites of Modern Industrialization.” This problem is given an empirical treatment in “German Banks and German Growth, 1883–1913: An Empirical View,” by Hugh Neuburger and Houston H. Stokes. Our intention in this paper is to test further our previous findings and to contrast our findings for Germany with those for post-World War II Japan. While the two situations are not entirely comparable they are similar enough to make such a comparison worthwhile.

scholarly journals CHANGE OF PARADIGM IN LATVIA EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENT MANAGEMENT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (FROM 1919 TO 1940)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Pāvels Jurs ◽  
Inta Kulberga
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Free State ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
World War ◽  
School Life ◽  
The Republic

Independence and freedom of Latvia State since the proclamation of the Republic of Latvia in 1918 was interrupted by World War II. During that time the education system of Latvia has also changed, including fundamental principles of educational institution management. The goal of the article is to analyse changes in educational institution management in historical perspective, comparing legal regulations in two periods of Latvia: in the democratic (1919) and authoritarian (1934) regime of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic. In the article the theoretical research methods (method of comparison and critical thinking) and empirical research methods (data collection method and document analysis) have been applied. Comparing the periods of the democratic (from 1919 to 1934) and authoritarian regime (from 1934 to 1940) of the First Free State of the Latvia Republic in the context of educational institution management, it should be mentioned that the legislation of the authoritarian regime envisaged much broader responsibility, duties and rights for the head of the school. Moreover, the head of the school could also have deputies depending on the size of the school. The structure of educational institution management in the authoritarian regime in comparison with the democratic regime was more particular, with a more detailed description of responsibilities, with an increased parents’ involvement in the school life organization.

scholarly journals The Economics of Crisis Innovation Policy: A Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 346-350
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Gross ◽  
Bhaven N. Sampat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Flu Vaccine

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers, researchers, and journalists have made comparisons to World War II. In 1940, a group of top US science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research that yielded innovations like mass-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the objectives of crisis R&D are different than ordinary R&D, we argue that appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy.

scholarly journals Distribution, wealth and demand regimes in historical perspective: the USA, the UK, France and Germany, 1855–2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-367
Author(s):  
Englebert Stockhammer ◽  
Joel Rabinovich ◽  
Niall Reddy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Residential Investment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
The Uk

Most empirical macroeconomic research is limited to the period since World War II. This paper analyses the effects of changes in income distribution and in private wealth on consumption and investment covering a period from as early as 1855 through to 2010 for the UK, France, Germany and the USA, based on the data set of Piketty and Zucman (2014). We contribute to the study of wealth effects, of financialization, and of the nature of demand regimes. We find that overall domestic demand has been wage-led in the USA, the UK and Germany. Total investment responds positively to higher wage shares, which is driven by residential investment. For corporate investment alone, we find a negative relation. Wealth effects are found to be positive and significant for consumption in the USA and the UK, but weaker in France and Germany. Investment is negatively affected by private wealth in the USA and the UK, but positively in France and Germany.

scholarly journals JEWISH AND POLISH DISCOURSES AMONG THE UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN 1940s – 1980s (BASED ON MYKHAYLO DEMKOVYCH-DOBRIANSKYI ARCHIVE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Danylo Kravets
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
World War ◽  
Postwar Europe ◽  
Eastern Institute ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The paper describes M. Demkovych-Dobrianskyi’s views on Ukrainian-Polish and Ukrainian-Jewish relations in historical perspective and his efforts to reach reconciliation between three nations after World War II. Mykhaylo Demkovych-Dobrianskyi, well-known Ukrainian publicist and historian, edited a few Ukrainian periodicals both in Lviv and during his immigration afterwards. Early in 1930s he published articles in different Western Ukrainian newspapers, in which he underlined the necessity for a constructive dialog with Poles. As a “Problemy” magazine editor in late 1940s, M. Dobrianskyi gave a start to the Ukrainian-Polish discussion in European media. During 1950–1970 he was the editor-in-charge of Ukrainian section of Radio Liberty (Munich). In 1950s he began showing his scientific interest toward the Jewish problematic. M. Dobriansky prepared a manuscript of a monograph research entitled “Jews in Ukraine. 14‒18 century”. The manuscript has never been published. Also the author presented a few articles dedicated to the Jewish-Ukrainian relations and the State of Israel. The interest in the Jewish question and Jewish history was a rare phenomenon among Ukrainian diaspora after World War II and many of M. Dobriansky’s thoughts were confronted by other foreign Ukrainians. During his stay in London M. Dobrianskyi was in contact with famous activists from Poland (A. Hermaszewski, J. Giedroyc, J. Iranek-Ośmiecki etc.) and Polish organizations established in postwar Europe (Eastern Institute “Reduta”, Polish-Ukrainian Society for Promotion of Friendship and Understanding, “Kultura” (Paris-based) magazine etc.). He is also the author of two monograph researches dedicated to Polish-Ukrainian relations “Ukraina i Polska”, “Potocki i Bobrzyński”. In his works M. Dobrianskyi always raised important issues, some of which are still presented in public agenda, especially an idea of Ukrainian-Polish alliance against Russian imperialism.

Past Non-Dependency in the Twenty-first Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Anastassia V. Obydenkova ◽  
Alexander Libman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter aims to provide a different approach to the development of regional IOs since World War II, by singling out non-democratic tendencies in regionalism from a historical perspective. It explores differences between the functioning of DROs and NDROs over the last 70 years—from coerced organizations such as COMECON to modern alliances of autocrats. The chapter argues that the twenty-first-century NDROs (e.g. SCO) are different from those of the last half of the twentieth century (e.g. COMECON) in terms of membership composition, governance structure, and the characteristics discussed in earlier chapters. While historical NDROs were driven by ideologies such as Communism, in the main modern NDROs lack an ideological foundation (with the exception of ALBA and the Islamic world). The ideological foundation of Islamic ROs has changed—from pan-Arabism in the 1940s and 1950s to the dominance of various forms of political Islam and a focus on specific political institutions (e.g. the conservative rule of Gulf monarchies in the GCC).

The Historical Origins of UN System Budgeting

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Ronny Patz ◽  
Klaus H. Goetz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Historical Origins

Chapter 3 introduces many of the topics of the book by tracing the evolution of UN system budgeting from the mid-nineteenth-century international unions, several of which are predecessor organizations of today’s UN specialized agencies, through the interwar League of Nations to the main geopolitical changes after World War II. This historical perspective demonstrates the continuity in some of the budgeting dynamics throughout more than a century. It shows how principal and agency complexity in the UN are based on early design decisions in the League of Nations. It highlights how voluntary funding of the League of Nation’s Health Organization looked similar to today’s financial support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, suggesting that principal complexity has always included actors beyond states. And the chapter explores how the complexity of the IO bureaucracy responsible for managing money and discord evolved from small, host-state supervised bureaucratic units to today’s major administrative operations.

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