THE FIGURE OF I. MAZEPA IN THE MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH OF THEODOR MASKIW

The article analyzes the monographic studies of T. Maсkiw, which concerned the figure of I. Mazepa. The personal contribution of the historian to the study of political circumstances and public sentiments in which the documents described by scientists were created, the genesis and texts of research sources, as well as their influence on memoirists of that era are determined. Attention is drawn to the refutation by scientists of falsified data and erroneous assumptions of other researchers about the figure of the hetman. The types and kinds of sources used by T. Maсkiw in his research are described. The differences in the factual content of texts of sources of different European countries, the dependence of these texts on the place of creation of the source and its author are studied, the structure, genesis and differences of the main works of the historian on this subject are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on new information on the history of Ukraine in the time of I. Mazepa, which T. Maсkiw found in European archives. The archeographic aspect of the historian’s activity is also reflected in the article. An important contribution of the author can be considered his reflections on the objectivity / subjectivity of the European press, which covered the events of Europe and Ukraine in the era of hetman I. Mazepa, its influence on European politicians, as well as the dependence of the press on the state. The main attention in the research is paid to the ukrainian-language monograph «Hetman Ivan Mazepa in the that time western European sources 1687-1709». An analysis of the change in assessments of political events in Ukraine by the foreign press after the transition of the hetman to the side of the Swedish king, a description of the reasons for this transition, the dependence of foreign assessments of the events of 1708 on the position of the Russian Empire, causes and consequences for I. Mazepa, vicissitudes of granting the hetman the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

THE MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS OF OLD BELIEVERS IN UKRAINE AND THE POLITICAL REGIME MARRIAGE RELATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE 19 THE – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

The article discusses the features of the policy of the Russian Empire on the marital relationships of the Old Belivers in the 19th- the early 20th centuries. The issues of liberalisation, abandon oppression and harassment by government agencies. Attempts of improper activity of the government and the church to destroy the values of the Old Believers are considered. These are, in particular, family and marital values. These values are indispensable elements of the social structure of a community. Marital relations were considered the main social institution that preserved the tolerance of society. Particular attention was focused on the equalization of rights between the Old Believers and the Orthodox Christians on the part of the government and the church. The analysis highlights that apartness and matrimony were the main elements of the faith tradition of the Old Believers. The article shows that the laws of the Russian Empire influenced the mating and sexual behaviour of Old Believers. The gender perspective met the requirements of the agrarian aristocracy and this aspect was considered in action. Historically, the role of women in different spheres of society has gradually changed. Women could take on male work responsibilities, for example, as a business environment or judicial functions. On the topic of family education of Old Believers, this issue is subordinated to religious beliefs. Education children was a top priority for men. There were erudition, a high knowledge of religious literature, quotation, the lives of foremost saints and other important knowledge of the Old Believers and their children. This article analyzes cross-marriages between Old Believers and Orthodox Christians, but this was an exception. Endogamy was a major component of wed. People got married with the consent of their parents, while a significant other had to be an Old Believer and live in your or a neighboring village.

COPIES OF THE PATRIARCHAL AND SYNODAL-CANONICAL TOMOS 1924 IN THE POLISH ARCHIVES

The article attempts to find out in the Polish archives copies of the Patriarchal and Synodal-Canonical Tomos of the Ecumenical Patriarchate dated November 13, 1924. The peculiarities of the perception of the status of this document by Polish officials (de facto – as an international agreement) are analyzed. It is determined that the term «authentic Tomos» was used both for the official public copy in Greek and for a copy of the French translation certified by the Chancellery of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The dates of receipt of copies of the document in Poland, as well as their transfer to the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education and Warsaw Metropolitan Dionizy (Valedynskiy) of have been set. The information about the place of preservation of the authentic copy in French has been checked and clarified. Evidence is given in favor of the version that the Greek copy of Tomos was kept in the Polish state archives during 1926-1939, and not in the archives of the Warsaw Orthodox Metropolis. The validity of assumptions about the fate of this copy after 1939 was assessed, in particular, the possibility of finding it in archives outside Poland. A verification of the widespread notion that a key copy of the 1924 Tomos was sent to Moscow in 1948 has been verified. The author concluded that the uncertainty as to whether the authentic copy of the Tomos 1924 has been preserved «reflects» both the vicissitudes of the struggle for autocephaly of the Polish Orthodox Church and the specifics of state-church relations in different periods.

PARTICIPATION OF UKRAINIAN HISTORIANS OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND CONVENTIONS (20S – 30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY): INFORMATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The paper provides an information and statistical analysis of the participation of Ukrainian émigré historians of Czechoslovakia in international congresses and conventions in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century both on the territory of the country of residence and abroad. According to the author’s estimates, Ukrainian scholars and historians from Czechoslovakia attended more than 25 various scientific congresses and conventions during that period. About nine of them were held in Prague. The issues of history and ethnography were heard at 10 conferences. Ukrainian émigré historians attended congresses of Slavic ethnographers and geographers in Prague, Poland (several cities), Belgrade, Sofia, and international congresses of historians in Warsaw and Zurich. The issue of the history of Ukraine was majorly discussed at the First and the Second Ukrainian Scientific Congress. Ukrainian scientific institutions were most often represented by scientists such as Dmytro Doroshenko and Vadym Shcherbakivskyi. Dmytro Antonovych, a professor of the Ukrainian Free University, the permanent chairman of the Ukrainian Historical and Philological Society was quite an active speaker at international forums. Most often, historians gave reports on the history of Ukraine of the sixteenth-eighteenth centuries, ethnography, folklore studies. The environment of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in Prague and its scientific and cultural life contributed to the preservation and development of the Ukrainian national idea, popularization of the research on the history of Ukraine and the history of Ukrainian culture in the European historical space. Scientists in Czechoslovakia were the representatives of the Ukrainian scientific forces in Europe. The émigré historians presented their interesting research on the history of Ukraine, reminding the European scientific community of the existence of the authentic Ukrainian people with their rich history and traditions, the ancestral desire for freedom and independence.

«USURIOUS DEXTERITY AND FRAUDULENT CUNNING»: STANISLAV TARNOWSKY ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PROSPEROUS NOBILITY OF GALICIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF A FREE MARKET SOCIETY

The article is devoted to the analysis of the essay “Portions” (“Porcyi”) authored by the famous Polish scientist, politician and publicist S. Tarnowski (1837-1917), which was published in November 1874 and revealed changes in social position, economic activity and behavior of wealthy Galician nobles, who, taking advantage of the plight of the peasantry, were actively engaged in usury, earning a solid income. The author states that remaining outside the “noble origin of the owners of estates”, these nobles actually turned into rural extortionists, who are essentially no different from the representatives of the “merchant’s craft” (commissioners, brokers, moneylenders, etc.), genus classes which did not provide for honor and conscience. This, according to S. Tarnowsky, caused enormous damage to the “Polish cause”, as it destroyed the barely planned agreement between the nobility and the peasantry.

THE CITY OF SHUMSK IN THE COMPLEX OF VOLYN PROPERTIES OF RADZIWILL FAMILY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The article analyzes the demographic aspects and economic potential of the city of Shumsk as one of the structural elements of the Volyn properties of the princely house of the Radziwills in the second half of the 18th century. The inventory of this privately owned city and its informative potential was used as a basis for understanding the socio-economic aspects of the everyday life in the cities of Volyn at the time. In 1747 the Malynsky family sold Shumsk to the Radziwills. At the time of the acquisition of the property, the new owners gained a leading position among the magnates of the Ukrainian lands. The Radziwills significantly developed the city plan, expanded its infrastructure, and took care of its cultural and religious landscape. Overall, the new owners seemingly wanted to increase the significance of the settlement in terms of trade, economy and spiritual importance. Despite their large-scale efforts, the city continued to be under the influence of notably more powerful Volyn estates of the representatives of this princely house. At the time, the city and its citizens were considerably involved in the agricultural sector and did not have the opportunity to significantly strengthen the craft component. In fact, they often had to combine the former and the latter since the craft did not yet allow completely abandoning agricultural activities. In the second half of the 18th century, being an estate and economic unit of the Volyn estates of the Radziwills, Shumsk was closely connected with the neighboring town of Rokhmanov.

THE UNIFICATION COUNCIL OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH OF UKRAINE, 15 DECEMBER 2018

The article deals with the establishing of the Local Orthodox Church of Ukraine, which took place in December 2018. The revolution of dignity and subsequent Russian armed aggression led to the intensification of the Ukrainian autocephalous movement. The President, the Parliament, the bishops of the UOC-KP, the UAOC, and about ten bishops of the UOC-MP appealed to the Ecumenical Patriarch to grant autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. On October 9-11, 2018, the Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate confirmed the resolution to start the procedure of granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in Ukraine, considered appeals and carried out canonical rehabilitation of UOC-KP and UAOC leaders Filaret Denysenko and Makariy Maletych, and restored the Patriarch’s stauropegia as the representation to the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Kyiv and repealed the act of 1686. On 15 December, before the unification council started, the UOC-KP and the UAOC held separate meetings during which they both dissolved themselves, which delayed the beginning of the unification council. Every bishop was to bring two people to vote. In the second round, laity and priests did not vote, only bishops. Metropolitan Mykhaiil Zinkevych was forced to withdraw his candidacy during the council before the final vote. In the first round, the score of the three candidates was: Mykhail Zinkevych: 38; Symeon Shostatskyi: 56; Epiphanius Dumenko: 81. In the secomd round, the votes of bishops were as follows: Symeon: 28; Epiphanius: 36. At the Unification Council on December 15, 2018, the establishment of the OCU was announced, its charter was approved and Metropolitan Epiphanius was elected as the Primate. On January 6, 2019, a Tomos on the autocephaly of the Ukrainian Church was granted to him in Constantinople.

REPUBLICAN VIRTUES AND IMPERIAL GREATNESS: THE IMAGE OF JULIAN IN CLAUDIUS MAMERTINUS’ PANEGYRIC

Our work is devoted to the analysis of Mamertinus’ ‘Panegyric’ in honor of emperor Julian. Julian’s reign provoked fierce controversy about his image and activities. His policies found both apologists from pagan historians and rhetoricians and uncompromising critics from christians. Claudius Mamertinus, who dedicated the Panegyric to Julian, occupies a special place here – he stands at the origins of the exaltation of the image of the emperor, his work was read and quoted by the next defenders of the ‘restorer of paganism’. The main theme of the panegyric was the glorification of the emperor Julian. The author of the panegyric tries to prove that Julian is not a usurper, and therefore contrasts his impeccable behavior with the vices of his predecessor Constantius. Then, determining the socio-political ideals of the future government, the author of the panegyric criticizes the Republic, where bribery and flattery towards voters were commonplace. The emperor himself is an ideal hero for him. However, even in these flattering descriptions you can find contradictions that will manifest themselves in the future: populism and attempts to please everyone and attempts to control all public affairs. One way or another, Mamertinus’ text became a model for further glorification of the image of Julian among pagan writers, most influencing between them was Ammianus Marcellinus. Julian’s image becomes more prominent: what Mamertinus perceives purely positively because of the peculiarities of the genre, Ammianus shows as good intentions, which have not always been realized.

DIPLOMATIC PRACTICES OF VIACHESLAV LYPYNSKYI IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF HISTORIANS

In recent years, researchers are increasingly focused on the Viacheslav Lypynskyi (Ukrainian politician, theorist of Ukrainian conservatism) : from practical political actions to a detailed study of theoretical reflections. They interested in various vectors of Lipin studies. It should be noted that V. Lypynskyi became sufficiently studied in recent years as the head of the Ukrainian Embassy in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Scientists, on the work of which drawn attention in the relevant topic: Igor Ducks, Igor Girich, Tatyana Ostashko, Irina Interim and others. This article is aimed at summing a certain result in the long run of scientists. The article is trying to collect, analyze, explore and outline certain results in the historiographic study of the place of V. Lypynskyi in the international politics of the Ukrainian state. The main submers are considered, which researchers studied in the context of the activities of V. Lypynskyi as ambassador during their work from 1918 to 1919. The topics of scientific research were especially studied: Embassy staff (appointment, the appointment of those who are responsible for certain sectors and criticism of personnel by opponents, both from among the government and the social democratic forces); The struggle for territorial encroachments and at the same time ratification of Beresia Agreement (peace treaty between the Ukrainian People’s Republic on the one hand and German, Austria-Hungarian, Ottoman Empires and the Bulgarian kingdom of the other side). The strong Polish diaspora prevented the joining of the Kholm region and part of the smashes in the Ukrainian state. Also, the activity that puts themselves the goal of helping the prisoners of war in concentration camps and citizens of Ukraine, which were in Austria – Hungary); Lypynskyi’s care from the post of Representative of Ukraine in Vienna (comes to power in Kiev in November 1918, the directory of UNR and the inability to find a common language with new government structures). As a result of scientific research, we conclude that this topic is sufficiently studied. Most scientific works used during the writing of the article are combined into a positive assessment of the role of V. Lipinsky as ambassador.

HOLY ASCENSION MONASTERY NEAR DUBNO IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2019–2020

The study of the sacred monuments of Volyn requires the involvement of new sources. Some religious centers have disappeared, leaving only a mention of their existence in historical documents. Such sites include the Holy Ascension Convent (also known as Pidboretsky), which was founded on April 8, 1592 on the island of Dubovets among the Surmytsky pond in Dubno. During 2019-2020, archeological research was organized here by the State Historical and Cultural Reserve of Dubno together with the Interregional Public Scientific Organization «Dubno Archaeological Center» and students majoring in «History and Archeology» of the National University «Ostroh Academy». During this time it was investigated part of the large secular cemetery near the monastery arose at the final stage of its existence, not earlier than the second half of the XVIII century. It was established that in this area approximately after the 1660s, pits were arranged, necessary for the disposal of significant accumulations of garbage and construction waste. In turn, this may indicate that the area opened by excavation 2 from the time of the foundation of the monastery remained free from construction. However, it is possible that there were some buildings on it, but the peculiarities of the structures did not contribute to their archaeologicalization. Burial in the cemetery, discovered during excavations, probably continued even after the liquidation of the monastery in 1832. The upper chronological limit of the cemetery is the middle of the XIX century. This dating is due to the construction of a new church in the village of Pidbortsi in 1850, after which the old monastery church on the island was dismantled, although the burials of the villagers probably continued here for some time.