scholarly journals Authority of the Party Affected by the Changed Circumstances and Authorisations of the Court // Ovlašćenja strane pogođene promenjenim okolnostima i ovlašćenja suda

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Irina Šolaja
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Commercial Lenders ◽  
External Events ◽  
Pricing Schemes

Investment in the economy is necessary and essential, and lack of personal funds are overcome by encouraging and attracting foreign investment. Business practice shows that all sophisticated investors and lenders insist on the so-called. pricing schemes, which are adaptable to changing circumstances during long-term contracts with successive or permanent fulfillment. Countries, where most of the international commercial lenders are located, consider that the Fixed Price Contract also includes the division of the business risk. However, per our law, a Fixed Price Contract is not also a redistribution of business risk, which means that in case of external events parties are required to fulfill their obligations. Why is this significant? If there are no contractual provisions, that regulate the contract adjustments related to the changed circumstances, then the used provisions are from the host country which legal terms are determined.

The Influence of Growth, Asset Tangibility, Cost of Debt, Profitability and Business Risk On Debt Capital

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Erika Jimena Arilyn ◽  
Beny Beny
Keyword(s):  
Firm Growth ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Business Risk ◽  
Debt Capital

Objective –The aims to identify the significant factors that influence a company’s decision to use debt capital. Methodology/Technique – This study uses 5 independent variables namely; firm growth (growth rate in total gross assets), asset tangibility (ratio of net fixed assets to total assets), cost of debt (interest before tax / long term debt), profitability (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Total Asset), and business risk (standard deviation of EBIT to total assets). The dependent variable in this study, debt capital, is measured by the ratio of long-term debt to total assets. A purposive sampling method is used to select 11 out of 18 textile and garment companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2018 that report their annual financial positions. A quantitative method, panel data analysis technique and SPSS tools were also used in this study. Findings – The results show that debt capital is influenced by profitability, while the remaining factors do not influence debt capital. Novelty – This study adds to the existing literature on internal factors, market condition as an external factors, and debt capital in developed countries. The benefit of this study is to explore the potential capabilities of the industry in using its profit to minimize the use of debt as a source of capital to decrease business risk. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Profitability; Growth; Cost of Debt; Business Risk; Tangibility; Capital Structure. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ariyln, E., J; Beny; 2019. The Influence of Growth, Asset Tangibility, Cost Of Debt, Profitability and Business Risk On Debt Capital, Acc. Fin. Review 4 (4): 120 – 127 https://doi.org/10.35609/afr.2019.4.4(4) JEL Classification: G23, G32.

تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وأثره على البطالة في العراق للمدة (2004-2017) دراسة تحليلية باستخدام التكامل المشترك المتزامن

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
خالد عواد ◽  
مهند عبد ◽  
بلال اسعد
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to show the impact of foreign investment inflows into Iraq on changes in unemployment after 2004, in light of the emergence of ideas of globalization in various aspects and the convergence of distances between countries due to the development of knowledge and scientific means of communication and by the policies of economic liberalization and international trade. A long - term equilibrium relationship between foreign investment flows and unemployment, and that changes in unemployment rates explain the change in FDI flows.

scholarly journals MONITORING CHANGES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLY AND DEMAND PATTERN IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN LIAONING URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS, CHINA USING LANDSAT IMAGES

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 765-770
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
F. Huang ◽  
S. Chang ◽  
H. Qi ◽  
H. Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Indentifying the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services supply and demand and the driving forces is of great significance to the regional ecological security and sustainable socio-economic development. Due to long term and high-intensity development, the ecological environment in central and southern Liaoning urban agglomerations has been greatly destroyed thereafter has restricted sustainable development in this region. Based on Landsat ETM and OLI images, land use of this urban agglomeration in 2005, 2010 and 2015 was extracted. The integrative index of multiple-ecosystem services (IMES) was used to quantify the supply (IMESs), demand (IMESd) and balance (IMESb) of multiple-ecosystem services, The spatial patterns of ecosystem services and its dynamics for the period of 2005–2015 were revealed. The multiple regression and stepwise regression analysis were used to explore relationships between ecosystem services and socioeconomic factors. The results showed that the IMESs of the region increased by 2.93 %, whereas IMESd dropped 38 %. The undersupplied area was reduced to 2. The IMESs and IMESb were mainly negatively correlated with gross domestic product (GDP), population density, foreign investment and industrial output, while GDP per capita and the number of teachers had significant positive impacts on ecosystem services supply. The positive correlation between IMESd and GDP, population density and foreign investment were found. The ecosystem services models were established. Supply and balance of multiple-ecosystem services were positively correlated with population density, but the demand was the opposite. The results can provide some reference value for the coordinately economic and ecological development in the study area.

The legal guarantees to protect foreign investment in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ali Helalat
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Foreign Investor ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
The Status ◽  
Investment System

Purpose This paper aims to indicate that the foreign investment system in Jordan includes many provisions that create an appropriate environment for encouraging foreign investments and grant a distinctive treatment for the foreign investor that allows them the status equal to the national investor. Design/methodology/approach This study deals with the protection provided by the Jordan Government for foreign investments to attract foreign investment by studying the guarantees given by Jordan including many legal principles that encourage investment. The legal guarantees for the foreign investor enhance the confidence of the foreign investor in the host country. Findings The system provides a lot of guarantees with respect to non-commercial risks to which the foreign investor may be exposed. Originality/value The paper also clarifies that the role played by bilateral agreements in the field of investments, as these agreements give foreign investments a measure of protection through the guarantees and they are considered as incentives for the investor.

How Evolving Network Access and Network Management Technologies are Redefining the Competitive Wireless Markets

2013 ◽  
pp. 220-239
Author(s):  
Fernando Beltrán ◽  
Jairo A. Gutiérrez ◽  
José Luis Melús
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Network Access ◽  
Broadband Wireless ◽  
Heterogeneous Technologies ◽  
Policy Based Management ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Wireless Markets

This paper examines some of the key problems users encounter when accessing current generation wireless networks. Using a case study of a hypothetical user, the authors explore the emerging services and the new broadband wireless network technologies necessary to carry them out. This paper analyses the issues associated with an observed trend in the industry that exposes potential changes to the long-term, rigid commercial relation between wireless providers and users: as a result of a range of evolved broadband wireless access standards and technologies, autonomic communications and policy-based management, and new pricing schemes, consumers will likely face new opportunities to enter short-term and spot contracts with the new wireless providers. This new landscape also allow multiple competing Access Providers (APs) to dynamically assign prices, and poses new and interesting challenges to the regulatory function. The paper also discusses a framework for the integration of heterogeneous technologies and management policies based on the network context that make up this emerging, hybrid wireless landscape, and describes the economic characteristics of new markets likely to arise.

Institutions, Politics, and Developmental Divergence

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-92
Author(s):  
Richard F. Doner ◽  
Gregory W Noble ◽  
John Ravenhill
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Market Size ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Industrial Performance ◽  
Developmental Divergence ◽  
Intensive Growth ◽  
Cross National

Variation in automotive industrial performance across seven East Asian countries reflects differences in firm competencies, but those differences are largely cross-national: common national environments are central influences on firms’ incentives to develop competencies. Factors emphasized in neoclassical accounts, such as market size, macroeconomic policy, and openness to foreign investment, are weak predictors of cross-national variation. Extensive development requires measures that facilitate capital mobilization and allocation, such as sector-specific FDI incentives and specialized infrastructure. Successful intensive growth cases are distinguished by effective sectoral institutes for collective training, testing, and research. Three sets of pressures push political leaders to pursue the long-term development of institutions: claims on resources (security threats and domestic pressures for welfare improvement) in the absence of easily accessible resources to satisfy such needs. These arguments are consistent with but go well beyond other prominent approaches to development: national innovation systems, global value chains, and developmental states.

Givings and ISDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-171
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Perrone
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Host Country ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Transactional Model ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Solar Energy Industry ◽  
Investment Treaties

Foreign investment is associated with efficiency, economic growth, and jobs. Investors emphasize the benefits of potential projects, but also ask for regulatory givings to ensure economic returns and to minimize their exposure to host-country risks. At times, international organizations have likewise highlighted both the benefits of foreign investment and the importance of incentives to attract new projects. If states were to implement these business-friendly regulations, investors might then come in, but many would count on investment treaties and ISDS to interpret and enforce sectoral regulation, representations, or specific commitments. Disputes related to the 2001 Argentine crisis and the Spanish solar energy industry show that in such circumstances, when a controversy leads to ISDS cases, arbitrators often put foreign investment relations within a transactional model, making regulatory reforms more difficult if projects fail, local expectations are disappointed, or circumstances drastically change.

scholarly journals The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Long-Term Relationships in the Business-to-Business Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangeun Lee ◽  
Seong Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business To Business ◽  
Trust Information

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of partner firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on long-term relationships in business-to-business (B2B) industries. We developed a research model to capture the correlations between a partner firm’s CSR reputation (i.e., business practice, CSR reputation, and philanthropic CSR reputation), trust, information sharing, risk–reward sharing, and long-term relationships. Drawing on the stakeholder and social exchange theories, we hypothesized that a partner firm’s CSR reputation would affect long-term relationships through trust, information sharing, and risk–reward sharing. Through empirical analysis, we found that business practice CSR is positively related to long-term relationships through trust and B2B partnership. We also present some theoretical and managerial implications of this study.

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