heterogeneous technologies
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2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Mahabub Hasan Mahalat ◽  
Suraj Mandal ◽  
Anindan Mondal ◽  
Bibhash Sen ◽  
Rajat Subhra Chakraborty

Secure authentication of any Internet-of-Things (IoT) device becomes the utmost necessity due to the lack of specifically designed IoT standards and intrinsic vulnerabilities with limited resources and heterogeneous technologies. Despite the suitability of arbiter physically unclonable function (APUF) among other PUF variants for the IoT applications, implementing it on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is challenging. This work presents the complete characterization of the path changing switch (PCS) 1 based APUF on two different families of FPGA, like Spartan-3E (90 nm CMOS) and Artix-7 (28 nm CMOS). A comprehensive study of the existing tuning concept for programmable delay logic (PDL) based APUF implemented on FPGA is presented, leading to establishment of its practical infeasibility. We investigate the entropy, randomness properties of the PCS based APUF suitable for practical applications, and the effect of temperature variation signifying the adequate tolerance against environmental variation. The XOR composition of PCS based APUF is introduced to boost performance and security. The robustness of the PCS based APUF against machine learning based modeling attack is evaluated, showing similar characteristics as the conventional APUF. Experimental results validate the efficacy of PCS based APUF with a little hardware footprint removing the paucity of lightweight security primitive for IoT.


SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110581
Author(s):  
Koangsung Choi ◽  
Chung Choe ◽  
Daeho Lee

This study examines the impact of employing temporary workers on technical efficiency (TE) by employing stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and meta-frontier analysis (MFA). These two statistical methods yield slightly different, yet empirically meaningful, results. SFA—the more conventional methodology for conducting efficiency analysis—confirms that firms with temporary workers show a somewhat lower level of TE; while MFA, which allows a comparison of TE across groups with heterogeneous technologies, reveals that firms hiring temporary workers are technologically less efficient and have a more pronounced relative gap in efficiency. With the application of MFA, it was observed that firms hiring only temporary workers come farther to the meta-frontier than their counterparts.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Wenquan Jin ◽  
Rongxu Xu ◽  
Sunhwan Lim ◽  
Dong-Hwan Park ◽  
Chanwon Park ◽  
...  

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the number of connected devices to be increased rapidly based on heterogeneous technologies such as platforms, frameworks, libraries, protocols, and standard specifications. Based on the connected devices, various applications can be developed by integrating domain-specific contents using the service composition for providing improved services. The management of the information including devices, contents, and composite objects is necessary to represent the physical objects on the Internet for accessing the IoT services transparently. In this paper, we propose an integrated service composition approach based on multiple service providers to provide improved IoT services by combining various service objects in heterogeneous IoT networks. In the proposed IoT architecture, each service provider provides web services based on Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API) that delivers information to the clients as well as other providers for integrating the information to provide new services. Through the REST APIs, the integration management provider combines the service result of the IoT service provider to other contents to provide improved services. Moreover, the interworking proxy is proposed to bridge heterogeneous IoT networks for enabling transparent access in the integrated services through proving protocol translating on the entry of the device networks. Therefore, the interworking proxy is deployed between the IoT service provider and device networks to enable clients to access heterogeneous IoT devices through the composited services transparently.


Author(s):  
Hafiz Ahmad Awais Chaudhary ◽  
Tiziana Margaria

Low code development environments are gaining attention due to their potential as a development paradigm for very large scale adoption in the future IT. In this paper, we propose a method to extend the (application) Domain Specific Languages supported by two low code development environments based on formal models, namely DIME (native Java) and Pyro (native Python), to include functionalities hosted on heterogeneous technologies and platforms. For this we follow the analogy of micro services. After this integration, both environments can leverage the communication with pre-existing remote RESTful and enterprise systems’ services, in our case Amazon Web Services (AWS) (but this can be easily generalized to other cloud platforms). Developers can this way utilize within DIME and Pyro the potential of sophisticated services, potentially the entire Python and AWS ecosystems, as libraries of drag and drop components in their model driven, low-code style. The new DSLs are made available in DIME and Pyro as collections of implemented SIBs and blocks. Due to the specific capabilities and checks underlying the DIME and Pyro platforms, the individual DSL functionalities are automatically validated for semantic and syntactical errors in both environments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 303 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-137
Author(s):  
Jerzy Marzec ◽  
Andrzej Pisulewski

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Antonioli ◽  
Georgios Gioldasis ◽  
Antonio Musolesi

Abstract In this article we estimate a production function that allows us to depart from the standard hypothesis of Hicks neutrality (HN) while also coping with the endogeneity of a dummy innovation variable. We consider specifications that relax HN, and we derive the testable conditions for common parametric approximations under which HN holds. The model is estimated using instrumental variable methods, allowing innovation to have a heterogeneous effect on the production process. The econometric analysis rejects HN and highlights three main features: a biased technical change (TC), with a higher ratio between the marginal product of labour and the marginal product of capital for innovative firms; a locally progressive TC; fully heterogeneous technologies when comparing innovative to non-innovative firms. We also address other issues, taking a closer look at the effect of process innovation and the role of sector heterogeneity and considering the potential endogeneity of labour input.


Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar Blanco-Novoa ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
Miguel A. Vilar-Montesinos ◽  
Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés

Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) devices have evolved significantly in the last years, providing immersive AR/MR experiences that allow users to interact with virtual elements placed on the real-world. However, to make AR/MR devices reach their full potential, it is necessary to go further and let them collaborate with the physical elements around them, including the objects that belong to the Internet of Things (IoT). Unfortunately, AR/MR and IoT devices usually make use of heterogeneous technologies that complicate their intercommunication. Moreover, the implementation of the intercommunication mechanisms requires involving specialized developers with have experience on the necessary technologies. To tackle such problems, this article proposes the use of a framework that makes it easy to integrate AR/MR and IoT devices, allowing them to communicate dynamically and in real time. The presented AR/MR-IoT framework makes use of standard and open-source protocols and tools like MQTT, HTTPS or Node-RED. After detailing the inner workings of the framework, it is illustrated its potential through a practical use case: a smart power socket that can be monitored and controlled through Microsoft HoloLens AR/MR glasses. The performance of such a practical use case is evaluated and it is demonstrated that the proposed framework, under normal operation conditions, enables to respond in less than 100 ms to interaction and data update requests.


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