Impact of Tax reforms in Government of Indias Indirect Tax Collections with Special Reference to Year 2000-2020

In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the implications of tax reforms after the economic liberalization in 1991 with respect to collection of indirect tax revenue of the Government of India during the last two decades (2000-20). The composition of indirect tax revenue of the Government has undergone a drastic change during the last two decades. Post implementation of the GST Act, the levy of Central Excise has been restricted to petroleum and tobacco products and GST has evolved as the major contributor to the indirect tax revenue collections followed by the Customs Duty. Comparative analysis of indirect tax collections of the Central Government with respect to its growth, share in gross tax revenue, percentage of GDP and composition has been done for the period from 2000-01 to 2019-20. The current study has revealed the growth rate of indirect taxes has not only been uneven but also declined during the year 2001-02, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The share of indirect tax in the gross tax revenue has also gradually declined from 63% in 2000-01 to 46% in 2019- 20%. The indirect tax-GDP ratio has remained stagnant in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 % during the last two decades.

Book review: Angeles-Castro, G. 2021: Economic Liberalization in Latin America. Routledge Studies in Development Economics

Angeles-Castro, G. 2021: Economic Liberalization in Latin America. Routledge Studies in Development Economics. London and New York: Routledge. x + 85 pp. £120 (hardback), £25.89 (eBook). ISBN: 978-0-367-45654-2 (hardback), 978-1-003-02456-9 (eBook).

The Prospects and Challenges of Economic Liberalization in Reducing Poverty and Inequality in Indonesia

This article discusses whether economic liberalisation policies have succeeded in alleviating poverty and inequality in Indonesia. In addition, this article aims to provide alternative policies to strengthen Indonesia’s bargaining position in international trade forums by shifting the extractive industry to knowledge-based industries and fixing the fragile social protection system when faced with COVID-19. This article is written descriptively and analytically based on various data, such as literature, planning documents, news reports, and other sources. Despite the prospect of economic liberalisation, the findings show Indonesia has three main problems: statistical data that does not reflect reality, overlapping regulations, and weak governance. This article offers several policy recommendations that need improvement based on the “Going for Growth” framework. Keywords: economic liberalisation, poverty alleviation, inequality, social protection, and going for growth Tulisan ini mendiskusikan apakah kebijakan liberalisasi ekonomi berhasil dalam pengentasan kemiskinan dan ketimpangan di Indonesia. Selain itu, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan alternatif kebijakan dalam rangka memperkuat posisi tawar Indonesia dalam forum perdagangan internasional dengan menggeser industri ekstraktif ke industri berbasis pengetahuan, sekaligus membenahi sistem perlindungan sosial yang rapuh ketika dihadapkan pada COVID-19. Tulisan ini ditulis secara deskriptif dan analitis berdasarkan dukungan dari berbagai data, seperti literatur, dokumen perencanaan, laporan berita, dan sumber lainnya. Meskipun terdapat prospek dari liberalisasi ekonomi, temuan menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki tiga masalah utama: data statistik yang tidak mencerminkan realitas, regulasi yang tumpang tindih, dan lemahnya tata kelola pemerintahan. Tulisan ini menawarkan beberapa rekomendasi kebijakan yang perlu ditingkatkan berdasarkan kerangka berpikir “Going for Growth”. Kata kunci: liberalisasi ekonomi, pengentasan kemiskinan, ketimpangan, perlindungan sosial dan going for growth

Experimental and Numerical Study for Estimation and Reduction of The Blind Spot in A Passenger Car

The purpose of developing an automobile was to reduce human effort, travel faster, and cover longer distances. Cars were meant for transporting a small number of people from one point to another. In India, the four-wheeler segment has picked up over the years due to economic liberalization. The vehicles have been undergoing constant improvements. This may be either in the design or the final product. Also, the importance of aerodynamics is a crucial factor considered while designing a vehicle. This study focuses on improving the aerodynamics of the side-view mirror and reducing the blind spot region. The side mirror of Toyota Etios Liva was used in this study. Blind spots were first determined, and the mirror drag is analyzed experimentally in a wind tunnel and numerically using commercial software. The results show that the drag value of the new mirror was 0.449 compared to 0.634 of the original mirror. This work helps to reduce the blind spot region of the car considered for the study.

Impact of Economic Liberalization in Nepal - A Case of Industrial Growth in the Operating Industries in Butwal

The economic liberalization can contribute in the economic growth of a country. So, Nepal has been following the policy of economic liberalization since the mid-1980s which was accelerated with the start of 1990s. The study was conducted to identify the impact of economic liberalization on economic growth of industries running in the Butwal area of Nepal. The study had selected 385 respondents from industry, trade and banking sectors. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Statistical analysis was done to see the relationship between the respondents. The result shows that there was significant association between the respondents (industrialists, traders, and bankers) in effectiveness of economic liberalization because the p value was less than .05 significant levels. Some of the economic indicators were not changed significantly so future researcher can study on the challenges in effective implementation of economic liberalization in Nepal.