تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وأثره على البطالة في العراق للمدة (2004-2017) دراسة تحليلية باستخدام التكامل المشترك المتزامن

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
خالد عواد ◽  
مهند عبد ◽  
بلال اسعد
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to show the impact of foreign investment inflows into Iraq on changes in unemployment after 2004, in light of the emergence of ideas of globalization in various aspects and the convergence of distances between countries due to the development of knowledge and scientific means of communication and by the policies of economic liberalization and international trade. A long - term equilibrium relationship between foreign investment flows and unemployment, and that changes in unemployment rates explain the change in FDI flows.

The impact of biomass consumption on CO2 emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salih Turan Katircioglu
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and total biomass consumption (BC) in Turkey, which has a rich diversity of ecological conditions prevailing throughout its regions. Design/methodology/approach – Bounds tests and conditional error correction models under the autoregressive distributed lag approach have been applied to annual data that cover the 1980-2010 period. Findings – Results suggest that CO2 emissions are in a long-term equilibrium relationship with total BC in Turkey. BC has a negative effect on CO2 emissions; 1 per cent increase in total BC would lead to 0.029 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions. Long-term coefficient of fossil fuel consumption for CO2 emissions is positive and elastic, 1.247. Finally, conditional error correction model of the present study reveals that CO2 emission in Turkey converges to its economic long-term equilibrium very quickly by 93.7 per cent speed of adjustment through the channel of BC and fossil fuel consumption. Originality/value – Although there have been a considerable number of studies investigating the link between total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the literature, searching the contribution of components of energy to CO2 emissions deserves attention. Therefore, this study contributes to the literature by investigating the effect of BC on CO2 emissions in the case of Turkey.

scholarly journals Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Khoirul Ifa ◽  
Moh. Yahdi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

Economic growth and international trade are related to one another. International trade stimulates long-term economic growth. The more trade activities in a country, the more rapid economic growth; this trade is a key component of development in a country, its contribution is felt with the increasing economic growth in several countries. The purpose of this study looks at the impact of trade openness on economic growth in Indonesia in 1986-2017. This research is a quantitative study using time series data from 1986-2017, research data obtained from the world bank, data analysis techniques using the GMM method to see the impact of trade openness on economic growth. The test results using the Generalized Method of Moments analysis method show that all variables significantly influence the dynamics of economic growth in Indonesia. This result is proven by the t-statistic probability value, which shows a smaller value compared to the t-table value. Then the value also has a probability of less than α. It can be concluded that the variables of trade, FDI, inflation, and the number of workers have a significant effect on economic growth in Indonesia.

Revisiting the nexus between financial development, FDI, and growth: New evidence from second generation econometric procedures in the Turkish context

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Güngör ◽  
Salih Katircioglu ◽  
Mehmet Mercan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Multiple Structural Breaks ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

This study investigates the impact of the selected financial development proxies and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the growth in the case of Turkey, using annual data for the 1960–2011 period. The second-generation econometric procedure has been applied for the first time to the Turkish data with this respect. Unit root tests by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2009) assume that real income, financial development proxies, and FDI are non-stationary at levels, but become stationary at first differences through multiple structural breaks. Cointegration results by Maki (2012) confirm the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between real income growth, financial development, and FDI, again through multiple structural breaks. Finally, this paper confirms that financial development and FDI are long-term drivers of real income, which enable it to react to its long-term path significantly.

scholarly journals The Impact of Government Spending on Economic Diversification for the Period (2004-2019) and its Reflection on the Path of Rehabilitation of the Iraqi Economy

Webology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1186-1198
Author(s):  
Dr. Alyaa Hussain Khalaf ◽  
Ali Talib Hussain ◽  
Dr. Ammar Naeem Zghair
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Positive Equilibrium ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Ardl Model ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Investment Spending ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The research aims to measure and analyze the relationship between government spending and economic diversification in Iraq for the period (2004-2019), using the ARDL model. The research concluded that there is a long-term positive equilibrium relationship between investment spending and economic diversification in Iraq. When investment spending increases by (1%), this will lead to an increase in economic diversification by (0.23%), assuming that operating spending is stable, and the opposite happens in the case of decline. In addition to the existence of a long-term inverse equilibrium relationship between operating spending and economic diversification in Iraq, as an increase in operating spending by (1%) will lead to a decrease in economic diversification by (0.73%), assuming the stability of investment spending, and the opposite will happen in the event of decline.

scholarly journals Trade and the Environment: Competition, Cooperation or Confusion

1969 ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
Donald McRae
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Trade And The Environment ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

The intersection of international trade law and environmental sustainability has been subject to much scrutiny, both in the media and in internationally constituted bodies. Views on the impact of trade on the environment range from one of mutual benefit to an assertion of real threat. The author assesses the bases upon which criticism of the WTO is commonly levelled, and provides a reasoned analysis of the nature of the trade and environment debate. In addressing this question, the author examines the purview of the WTO pertaining to trade law, and delineates to what extent environmental protection encroaches upon international trade obligations. To this end, the author considers the means by which conflicts between trade and the environment have been reconciled, and draws attention to issues that obstruct resolution. Lastly, concerns central to the trade and environmental regulatory schemes themselves are raised. The author concludes that the long term viability of international trade equally benefiting the developed and developing world is dependent upon corresponding environmental regulation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Shocks On Economic Growth in Iraq During the Period (2004-2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-642
Author(s):  
Jafer Safer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to study to determine the impact of economic shocks on economic growth in Iraq during the period (2004-2018), and the most important factors that affect economic growth have been identified. And represented in oil prices, the exchange rate, external debt and trade openness, which represent the independent variables of the model used, whereas, economic growth was expressed in gross domestic product as a dependent variable. The usual least squares method is used to estimate the model parameters. The unit root test and the cointegration test were also used. The pulse response functions were estimated to determine the impact of economic shocks on the Iraqi economy during the study period. It was found from the results of the estimation that the time series of the study has stabilized after taking the first differences, There is also a complementarity, that is, there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables used, It was also found that the impact of economic shocks resulting from fluctuations in global oil prices was clear on the economic growth in Iraq.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Unemployment and Immigration: The Case of OECD Countries (2008-2018)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selahattin Sarı ◽  
Ahmet Ay ◽  
Melike Köksal
Keyword(s):  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

In the broadest sense, immigration is defined as the change of places where people live, and it becomes a more complicated phenomenon when analyzed from the socio-economic, political and psychological aspects. The extent of the impact of migration in this context varies according to the conditions of each country, but it is also related to the number of migrants received and the many personal characteristics of immigrants, such as age, education level. Therefore, there is no unanimity on the subject in the literature. The total number of settled migrations of the 25 OECD countries in the last 10 years has been used. The effects of the migrants employed in the labor markets (registered) on the unemployment rates of the selected countries were investigated. The study period was selected as 2008-2018 years. The data was obtained from the OECD and World Bank databases. In this context, panel causality analysis was applied to investigate the short-term effects of the employed migrants on the unemployment rates of the selected countries. As a result of the analysis, in the short-term, no double or one-way relationship between unemployment and immigration was found. However, in the long run, the cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the panel cointegration analysis revealed that long-term migration would affect unemployment in the same direction. So, according to the results of the analysis; for the countries examined, there is a long-term and similar relationship between unemployment and settled migrants who participate in labor force in the selected period.

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