scholarly journals Fluorescent organic exudates of corals and algae in tropical reefs are compositionally distinct and increase with nutrient enrichment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A Quinlan ◽  
Kristina Remple ◽  
Michael D Fox ◽  
Nyssa J Silbiger ◽  
Thomas A Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Transfer ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Tropical Reefs ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Primary Groups ◽  
Algal Exudates

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is a key determinant of microbial community metabolism and trophic nutrient transfer. On coral reefs, four primary groups of benthic organisms dominate photosynthetic production: corals, macroalgae, microphytobenthos, and encrusting algae on rubble, all of which exude significant quantities of DOM. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to characterize and contrast DOM exudates from these four organismal groups under three levels of continuous inorganic nutrient enrichment. We measured bulk dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and the multivariate spectral characteristics of fluorescent DOM (fDOM). Moderate nutrient enrichment enhanced DOM exudation by all producers. Corals exuded rapidly accumulating DOM with a markedly high concentration of aromatic amino acid-like fDOM components that clearly distinguishes them from algal exudates, which were dominated by humic-like fDOM components and did not accumulate significantly. Our results emphasize the differences between coral and algae in their potential to influence microbial communities and metabolism in reefs.

scholarly journals Fluorescent organic exudates of corals and algae in tropical reefs are compositionally distinct and increase with nutrient enrichment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A Quinlan ◽  
Kristina Remple ◽  
Michael D Fox ◽  
Nyssa J Silbiger ◽  
Thomas A Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Transfer ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Tropical Reefs ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Primary Groups ◽  
Algal Exudates

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition is a key determinant of microbial community metabolism and trophic nutrient transfer. On coral reefs, four primary groups of benthic organisms dominate photosynthetic production: corals, macroalgae, microphytobenthos, and encrusting algae on rubble, all of which exude significant quantities of DOM. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to characterize and contrast DOM exudates from these four organismal groups under three levels of continuous inorganic nutrient enrichment. We measured bulk dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and the multivariate spectral characteristics of fluorescent DOM (fDOM). Moderate nutrient enrichment enhanced DOM exudation by all producers. Corals exuded rapidly accumulating DOM with a markedly high concentration of aromatic amino acid-like fDOM components that clearly distinguishes them from algal exudates, which were dominated by humic-like fDOM components and did not accumulate significantly. Our results emphasize the differences between coral and algae in their potential to influence microbial communities and metabolism in reefs.

scholarly journals Micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) for efficient COD and nitrogen removal of high-concentration wastewater

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1795-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejun Bian ◽  
Zebing Nie ◽  
Fan Wang ◽  
Shengshu Ai ◽  
Suiyi Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Swirl Flow ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Internal Circulation ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Pressure Swirl

Abstract A micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) was developed for carbon and nitrogen removal of wastewater, in which dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient and internal circulation could be created by setting the aerators along one side of the reactor, and micro-pressure could be realized by sealing most of the top cap and increasing the outlet water level. In this study, velocity and DO distribution in the reactor was measured, removal performance treating high-concentration wastewater was investigated, and the main functional microorganisms were analyzed. The experiment results indicated that there was stable swirl flow and spatial DO gradient in MPSR. Operated in sequencing batch reactor mode, distinct biological environments spatially and temporally were created. Under the average influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 2,884 mg/L and total nitrogen (TN) of 184 mg/L, COD removal efficiency and removal loading was 98% and 1.8 kgCOD/(m3·d) respectively, and TN removal efficiency and removal loading reached up to 90% and 0.11 kgTN/(m3·d) respectively. With efficient utilization of DO and simpler configuration for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, the MPSR has the potential of treating high-concentration wastewater at lower cost.

scholarly journals Fluorescent organic exudates of corals and algae in tropical reefs are compositionally distinct and increase with nutrient enrichment

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary A. Quinlan ◽  
Kristina Remple ◽  
Michael D. Fox ◽  
Nyssa J. Silbiger ◽  
Thomas A. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Enrichment ◽  
Tropical Reefs

scholarly journals Optimisasi dan pemurnian IAA yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dalam medium serum lateks dengan suplementasi triptofan dari pupuk kandang Optimization and purification of IAA produced by Rhizobium sp. in latex serum media supplemented with tryptophan from chicken manure

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma KRESNAWATY ◽  
Syeda ANDANAWARIH ◽  
. SUHARYANTO ◽  
. TRI-PANJI
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Indol Acetic Acid ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Rhizobium Sp ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

Summary Concentrated latex effluent had not been economically utilized, consequently it had become source of environmental pollution and conflicts with surrounding community. Whereas, the concentrated latex effluent could be used as substrate for microbes growth media due to its high concentration of carbon and nitrogen. One of the economical benefits of growing Rhizobium sp. in this waste is the production of  indole acetic acid (IAA) that  can be used for plant promotion growth. The aims of this research were to get the optimal IAA production of Rhizobium sp. by optimizing its tryptophan supplementation through hydrolysis of chicken manure and to purify IAA produced using chromatographic method. The use of chicken manure directly caused the browning effect, therefore these experiments were carried out the variation of NaOH 2 N hydrolysis treatments to reduce the effect. Direct hydrolysis as the first media  was obtained by mixing latex serum and manure, and then this mixture was hydrolyzed. Meanwhile, separated hydrolysis was done by adding water to manure, being hydrolyzed, and divided to become second and third media. The second media  was made by mixing manure hydrolysate and latex serum directly, whereas in third media, hydrolisate was added with alum as coagulating agent. Rhizobium sp. was then inoculated to all media and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours in 27-30oC. IAA was analyzed by spectrophotometric method with Salkowsky reagent and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). IAA was then extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with silica gel column chromatography. The separated hydrolysis without coagulation (second media) produced the highest IAA concentration, that is 14.40 mg/mL, whereas IAA produced by direct hydrolysis (first media) was 14.13 mg/mL and 0.90 mg/mL for third media  during 48 hours. The fractionation result  for each mediums showed that the highest IAA distribution in first media  was the 12th fraction (38.70%), meanwhile in second media  was the 15th fraction (50.25%) and in the third  media was the 13th fraction (26.16%). Ringkasan Limbah lateks pekat saat ini belum di-manfaatkan secara ekonomis, bahkan menjadi sumber pencemaran lingkungan dan konflik dengan masyarakat sekitarnya. Padahal limbah lateks pekat dapat digunakan sebagai substrat pertumbuhan mikroba karena memiliki kandungan karbon dan nitrogen yang cukup tinggi.  Salah  satu  nilai  ekonomis yang dapat diperoleh dengan ditumbuhkannya Rhizobium sp. pada limbah tersebut, yaitu dihasilkannya asam indol asetat (indol acetic acid/IAA) yang dapat digunakan untuk memacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh produksi IAA optimal yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dengan asupan triptofan dari hidrolisis pupuk kandang dan memurnikan IAA yang dihasilkan tersebut dengan metode kromatografi. Penggunaan pupuk kandang secara langsung menyebabkan efek pen-cokelatan, maka dilakukan variasi perlakuan hidrolisis dengan NaOH 2 N untuk mengurangi efek tersebut. Hidrolisis langsung sebagai medium pertama diperoleh dengan mencampur serum lateks dan pupuk kandang, sedangkan hidrolisis terpisah dilakukan dengan menambah pupuk kandang dengan air,  dan dibagi menjadi medium kedua dan ketiga. Medium kedua dibuat dengan cara  langsung mencampur hidrolisat dan serum lateks, sedangkan pada medium ketiga, hidrolisat diendapkan dengan alum sebagai bahan pengendap.  Kemudian ke dalam masing-masing medium diinokulasi  Rhizobium sp. dan diinkubasi selama 24 ,48, dan 72 jam pada suhu 27-30oC. Analisis IAA dilakukan secara spektrofotometri dengan metode Salkowski dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). IAA diekstraksi menggunakan etil asetat dan dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom silika gel. Hidrolisis terpisah tanpa pengendapan (medium kedua) menghasilkan IAA tertinggi, yaitu 14,40 mg/mL, sedangkan hidrolis langsung (medium pertama) menghasilkan IAA sebesar 14,13 mg/mL dan medium ketiga sebesar 0,90 mg/mL selama 48 jam. Hasil fraksinasi untuk masing-masing medium menunjukkan sebaran IAA tertinggi pada medium pertama berada pada fraksi ke-12 (38,70%), sedangkan pada medium kedua pada fraksi ke-15 (50,25%), dan pada medium ketiga ialah fraksi ke-13 (26,16%). 

Transfer of hydrophobic contaminants in urban runoff particles to benthic organisms estimated by an in vitro bioaccessibility test

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nakajima ◽  
K. Saito ◽  
Y. Isozaki ◽  
H. Furumai ◽  
A.M. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Bioaccessibility ◽  
High Concentrations

An in vitro bioaccessibility test was applied for assessing the transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in road dust, into benthic organisms living in a receiving water body. The road dust is supposed to be urban runoff particles under wet weather conditions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was used as a hypothetical gut fluid. Pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene were the main PAH species in the SDS extractable fraction of road dust, as well as the whole extract. Benzo(ghi)perylene showed relatively low concentrations in the SDS extract in spite of a high concentration in the original dust. The PAH composition in benthic organisms (polychaetes) did not correspond with that of the surrounding sediment and the PAHs detected were also detected in high concentrations in the SDS extract of road dust. When testing the toxicity of the extracted contaminants by a standardised algal toxicity test, SDS extracts of a detention pond sediment showed higher toxicity than the pore water of the corresponding sediment. Sediment suspension showed a comparative toxicity with 0.1% SDS extract. From the results, the in vitro bioaccessibility test seems more suitable to evaluate the exposed contaminants than the traditional organic solvent extraction method and the SDS extracted fraction is applicable to toxicity tests reflecting the digestive process.

Acrylonitrile removal from synthetic wastewater and actual industrial wastewater with high strength nitrogen using a pure bacteria culture

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-C. Wang ◽  
C.-M. Lee ◽  
P.-W. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Abs Resin ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Bacteria Culture ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

A gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria (strain AAS6), capable of utilizing acrylonitrile as the sole source of both carbon and nitrogen, was utilized to investigate the removal of acrylonitrile in ABS resin manufacturing wastewater. Both synthetic wastewater, containing a high concentration of acrylonitrile, and actual wastewater obtained from an ABS manufacturing factory were used. The result indicated that strain AAS6 was capable of completely removing acrylonitrile from synthetic wastewater containing less than 889 mg/l acrylonitrile and from actual industrial wastewater containing less than 400 mg/l acrylonitrile. Whether in synthetic wastewater or actual industrial wastewater, strain AAS6 showed approximately the same ability for acrylonitrile removal and used acrylic acid, a metabolic by-product of acrylonitrile, as the carbon source and ammonium as the nitrogen source. The bacteria could not directly metabolize other chemicals found in the actual industrial wastewater. However, its metabolic activities were not inhibited by the presence of compounds such as butadiene, styrene or acrylonitrile-styrene polymer. Thus, this strain is expected to play an important role in aeration tanks for treating ABS resin manufacturing wastewater.

PROTEINASE BIOSYNTHESIS BY STREPTOCOCCUS LIQUEFACIENS: I. THE EFFECT OF CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES, pH, AND INHIBITORS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rabin ◽  
Leonard N. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Some nutritive aspects of proteinase biosynthesis by non-proliferating cells of Streptococcus liquefaciens, strain 31, were investigated by substituting constituents in a basal medium containing casein, lactose, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, and salts. The casein of the medium could be replaced by a mixture of 12 "essential" amino acids (glutamic acid, histidine, valine, serine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, cystine, lysine, tryptophane, and threonine), thus demonstrating that proteinase synthesis can occur in a medium devoid of protein. Proteinase biosynthesis appeared to depend upon an inordinately high concentration of arginine, required a fermentable carbohydrate, and occurred optimally at pH 6.3. Sodium fluoride and iodoacetate did not inhibit the proteinase activity but radically curbed its synthesis.

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