scholarly journals Tolerance in intergroup encounters: Payoffs and plasticity in non-human primates and humans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Pisor ◽  
Martin Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Foraging

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, despite the prevalence of tolerance in humans, recent focus on the evolution of intergroup contest has come at the cost of characterizing the role of tolerance in human sociality. Can we use the selection pressures hypothesized to favor tolerance in intergroup encounters in the non-great ape primates to explain the prevalence and plasticity of tolerance in humans and our closest living relatives? In the present paper, we review these candidate ecological and social factors and conclude that additional selection pressures are required to explain the prevalence of tolerance in human intergroup encounters; we nominate the need to access non-local resources in the human foraging ecology as a candidate pressure. To better evaluate existing hypotheses, additional, targeted data are needed to document the prevalence and plasticity of tolerance during intergroup encounters in some great ape species.

scholarly journals The evolution of intergroup tolerance in non-human primates and humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Pisor ◽  
Martin Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Foraging ◽  
Intergroup Behavior

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the cost of characterizing this variability. We identify evolutionary advantages that may incentivize tolerance toward extra-group individuals in humans and non-human primates, including enhanced benefits in the domains of transfer, mating, and food acquisition. We highlight the role these factors play in the flexibility of gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human behavior. Given humans have an especially broad range of intergroup behavior, we explore how the human foraging ecology, especially large geographic and temporal fluctuations in resource availability, may have selected for a greater reliance on tolerant between-community relationships – relationships reinforced by status acquisition and cultural institutions. We conclude by urging careful, theoretically-motivated study of behavioral flexibility in intergroup encounters in humans and the non-human great apes.

scholarly journals Incentives for intergroup tolerance and association: A call for increased attention in evolutionary anthropological research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Pisor ◽  
Martin Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Foraging ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Intergroup Behavior

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the cost of characterizing this variability. We identify evolutionary advantages that may incentivize tolerance toward extra-group individuals in humans and non-human primates, including enhanced benefits in the domains of transfer and mating, food acquisition, inclusive fitness, and repeated interactions with an extra-group member. We highlight the role these factors play in the plasticity of gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo behavior. Humans have an especially broad range of plastic intergroup behavior. We explore how the human foraging ecology, especially large geographic and temporal fluctuations in resource availability, may have selected for a greater reliance on between-community relationships – relationships reinforced by status acquisition and cultural institutions. We conclude by urging careful, theoretically-motivated study of behavioral flexibility in intergroup encounters in humans, gorillas, and bonobos.

scholarly journals The evolution of intergroup tolerance in non-human primates and humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Pisor ◽  
Martin Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Foraging ◽  
Intergroup Behavior

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the cost of characterizing this variability. We identify evolutionary advantages that may incentivize tolerance toward extra-group individuals in humans and non-human primates, including enhanced benefits in the domains of transfer, mating, and food acquisition. We highlight the role these factors play in the flexibility of gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human behavior. Given humans have an especially broad range of intergroup behavior, we explore how the human foraging ecology, especially large geographic and temporal fluctuations in resource availability, may have selected for a greater reliance on tolerant between-community relationships – relationships reinforced by status acquisition and cultural institutions. We conclude by urging careful, theoretically-motivated study of behavioral flexibility in intergroup encounters in humans and the non-human great apes.

scholarly journals Tolerance in intergroup encounters: Prevalence and plasticity in the non-human great apes and humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C Pisor ◽  
Martin Surbeck
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Foraging Niche ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Foraging ◽  
Additional Explanation ◽  
Collection Strategies

Primate individuals use a variety of strategies in intergroup encounters, from aggression to tolerance; however, recent focus on the evolution of either warfare or peace has come at the cost of characterizing this variability. Drawing on insights from across the Primate order, with special focus on our closest living relatives, we identify candidate selection pressures that may favor tolerance toward extra-group individuals. While similar ecological and social factors appear to explain some of the plasticity in behavior toward extra-group individuals in both humans and the non-human great apes, the prevalence of extra-group tolerance in humans requires additional explanation. Evidence suggests that the human foraging niche often required reliance on resources not locally available, favoring higher levels of tolerance in humans that are reinforced by cultural institutions. We identify data collection strategies and social science literatures that can help us better characterize the role of extra-group relationships in human sociality.

Reducing Costs of Knowledge Transfer in Tourism Development using Historical Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
Ayako Sawada ◽  
Taketoshi Yoshida ◽  
Hiroshi Horii ◽  
Misato Horii ◽  
Masaharu Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Sticky Information ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Recently, discovering local resources and utilizing them have been underway for the purpose to revitalize regional economies. The authors have conducted some activities for regional activation using historical materials such as old documents and maps. For these activities historians play an important role to discover and utilize local resources from historical materials. The cost of transferring historians’ knowledge about such resources to tour developers is high. In this study, a tour developer who is also a volunteer tour guide designed two tour courses featuring local historical material with the aid of a proposed information system. They clarify the role of the information system and the factors of reducing the costs of knowledge transfer in tourism development using historical materials from the view points of the sticky information.

scholarly journals Variation in intergroup encounters among two provisioned free-ranging populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Kunio Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Macaca Fuscata ◽  
Japanese Macaque ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Intergroup Relationships ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Intergroup Encounters ◽  
Free Ranging

Abstract Typically, Japanese macaques are thought to avoid encountering other groups wherever possible. Intergroup relations between macaques on Shodoshima Island, however, appear exceptional. We show that neighboring groups of Shodoshima monkeys spent 32.8% of their active time in proximity to (<100 m) and even foraged simultaneously at the same provisioning site with another group. The average duration and rate of intergroup encounters at Shodoshima (59.8 min, 0.33 times/hour, n=269) were approximately ten times longer and 16.5 times more frequent than those at Jigokudani (6.1 min, 0.02 times/hour, n=14). Since both populations have similar provisioning and ecological conditions, such variation cannot be explained by the socioecology model alone. Compared with other populations of Japanese macaques, intergroup relations of Shodoshima monkeys are also characterized by more frequent neutral encounters, less frequent agonistic encounters, more frequent unsuccessful displacement, a lower intensity of aggression, and more frequent counter-aggression between groups. These characteristics suggest that intergroup relationships on Shodoshima Island are more tolerant than those in other Japanese macaque populations. This study reveals considerable differences in intergroup encounters within local populations of Japanese macaques living in similar environments, and emphasizes the role of social factors in such intra-specific variation.

Reducing Costs of Knowledge Transfer in Tourism Development Using Historical Materials

2014 ◽  
pp. 1299-1309
Author(s):  
Ayako Sawada ◽  
Taketoshi Yoshida ◽  
Hiroshi Horii ◽  
Misato Horii ◽  
Masaharu Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Sticky Information ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

Recently, discovering local resources and utilizing them have been underway for the purpose to revitalize regional economies. The authors have conducted some activities for regional activation using historical materials such as old documents and maps. For these activities historians play an important role to discover and utilize local resources from historical materials. The cost of transferring historians' knowledge about such resources to tour developers is high. In this study, a tour developer who is also a volunteer tour guide designed two tour courses featuring local historical material with the aid of a proposed information system. They clarify the role of the information system and the factors of reducing the costs of knowledge transfer in tourism development using historical materials from the view points of the sticky information.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

Changing Role of Agriculture in Income and Employment, and Trends of Agricultural Worker Productivity in Indian States

2020 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Agricultural Worker ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Changing Role

The productivity of land has been often discussed and deliberated by the academia and policymakers to understand agriculture, however, very few studies have focused on the agriculture worker productivity to analyze this sector. This study concentrates on the productivity of agricultural workers from across the states taking two-time points into consideration. The agriculture worker productivity needs to be dealt with seriously and on a time series basis so that the marginal productivity of worker can be ascertained but also the dependency of worker on agriculture gets revealed. There is still disguised unemployment in all the states and high level of labour migration, yet most of the states showed the dependency has gone down. Although a state like Madhya Pradesh is doing very well in terms of income earned but that is at the cost of increased worker power in agriculture as a result of which, the productivity of worker has gone down. States like Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura, though small in size showed remarkable growth in productivity and all these states showed a positive trend in terms of worker shifting away from agriculture. The traditional states which gained the most from Green Revolution of the sixties are performing decently well, but they need to have the next major policy push so that they move to the next orbit of growth.

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