Reduction Constraints and Shape Convergence along Tool Ontogenetic Trajectories: An Example from Late Holocene Projectile Points of Southern Patagonia

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Ontogenetic Trajectories

Size and Shape Variation in Late Holocene Projectile Points of Southern Patagonia: A Geometric Morphometric Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Charlin ◽  
Rolando González-José
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Point Types

AbstractSince the beginning of systematic archaeological studies in southern Patagonia (Argentina and Chile), projectile points have played an important role as cultural markers. A sequence of projectile point types was established according to their changes in size and shape. These stone tools, along with others cultural evidences, served to differentiate a series of “culturai periods” which were, for decades, the frame of reference to understand the cultural evolution in southernmost Patagonia. Although later researches have questioned several of these assumptions, the classical typology of projectile points continued in use until the present day. The goal of this work is to evaluate size and shape variation in two late Holocene projectile point types, known as Fell, Bird, or Magallanes IV and V points or Patagónicas and Ona points, respectively. These two types are compared using geometric morphometries and multivariate statistical analyses. The reliability in the discrimination between types is tested at the light of reduction. The analyses have shown a major incidence of reduction on shape rather than on size, and on blade rather than on stem. However, in average, types IV and V can be distinguished in terms of size, and stem shape despite reduction. Thus, even though successive cycles of use, damage and resharpening have a great influence over size and shape of projectile points, resharpening techniques are specific enough to maintain the differences of size and shape between types, a pattern that is probably related with functional requirements.

Stable isotope studies in the Salitroso Lake Basin (southern Patagonia, Argentina): assessing diet of Late Holocene hunter-gatherers

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tessone ◽  
A. F. Zangrando ◽  
G. Barrientos ◽  
R. Goñi ◽  
H. Panarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Isotope Studies

scholarly journals First results of the hunter-gatherer weapon system studies in the middle basin of the Salado creek (Pampas Region, Argentina)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Barros ◽  
Guillermo Heider ◽  
María Clara Álvarez ◽  
Cristian Kaufmann ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Triangular Points ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
First Results ◽  
Pampas Region

In this paper we present the results of the study of 32 projectile points from Hangar site, located in the Salado creek basin (centre of the province of Buenos Aires). Archaeological materials recovered from the site include some isolated human remains, several potsherds, faunal materials, and lithic artefacts. The presence of pottery and small triangular points, together with the radiocarbon dating results, indicate that the main occupations occurred during the end of the Late Holocene. Methodology used included the techno-typological study of the lithic assemblage. Results showed that the outcrops of some rocks present in the sample are found in the Humid Pampas (100-190 km distant from the site) and the Dry Pampas (400-530 km distant from the site). The projectile points show variability in design and size, attributes that have implications for distinguishing different weapon systems (e.g., arrow and dart). In the Pampas region, the Late Holocene is a period characterized by an increasing complexity in hunter-gatherer societies, as it is indicated by long-distance exchange networks and different strategies of intensification and diversification on faunal resources. In accordance with this scenario, we propose that the variability that is observed in the lithic points is a reflex of an increase in the amount of the hunted species in relation with technological innovations such as the introduction of the bow and arrow.

scholarly journals Holocene History of Río Tranquilo Glacier, Monte San Lorenzo (47°S), Central Patagonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban A. Sagredo ◽  
Scott A. Reynhout ◽  
Michael R. Kaplan ◽  
Juan C. Aravena ◽  
Paola S. Araya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
Southern Patagonia

The causes underlying Holocene glacier fluctuations remain elusive, despite decades of research efforts. Cosmogenic nuclide dating has allowed systematic study and thus improved knowledge of glacier-climate dynamics during this time frame, in part by filling in geographical gaps in both hemispheres. Here we present a new comprehensive Holocene moraine chronology from Mt. San Lorenzo (47°S) in central Patagonia, Southern Hemisphere. Twenty-four new 10Be ages, together with three published ages, indicate that the Río Tranquilo glacier approached its Holocene maximum position sometime, or possibly on multiple occasions, between 9,860 ± 180 and 6,730 ± 130 years. This event(s) was followed by a sequence of slightly smaller advances at 5,750 ± 220, 4,290 ± 100 (?), 3,490 ± 140, 1,440 ± 60, between 670 ± 20 and 430 ± 20, and at 390 ± 10 years ago. The Tranquilo record documents centennial to millennial-scale glacier advances throughout the Holocene, and is consistent with recent glacier chronologies from central and southern Patagonia. This pattern correlates well with that of multiple moraine-building events with slightly decreasing net extent, as is observed at other sites in the Southern Hemisphere (i.e., Patagonia, New Zealand and Antarctic Peninsula) throughout the early, middle and late Holocene. This is in stark contrast to the typical Holocene mountain glacier pattern in the Northern Hemisphere, as documented in the European Alps, Scandinavia and Canada, where small glaciers in the early-to-mid Holocene gave way to more-extensive glacier advances during the late Holocene, culminating in the Little Ice Age expansion. We posit that this past asymmetry between the Southern and Northern hemisphere glacier patterns is due to natural forcing that has been recently overwhelmed by anthropogenic greenhouse gas driven warming, which is causing interhemispherically synchronized glacier retreat unprecedented during the Holocene.

scholarly journals Late Holocene Glacial Fluctuations of Schiaparelli Glacier at Monte Sarmiento Massif, Tierra del Fuego (54°24′S)

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meier ◽  
Aravena ◽  
Grießinger ◽  
Hochreuther ◽  
Soto-Rogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Terminal Moraine ◽  
Mountain Glaciers ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Glacial Dynamics ◽  
Western Side

The Magallanes–Tierra del Fuego region, Southern Patagonia (53–56°S) features a plethora of fjords and remote and isolated islands, and hosts several thousand glaciers. The number of investigated glaciers with respect to the multiple Neoglacial advances is based on a few individual studies and is still fragmentary, which complicates the interpretation of the glacial dynamics in the southernmost part of America. Schiaparelli Glacier (54°24′S, 70°50′W), located at the western side of the Cordillera Darwin, was selected for tree-ring-based and radiocarbon dating of the glacial deposits. One focus of the study was to address to the potential dating uncertainties that arise by the use of Nothofagus spp. as a pioneer species. A robust analysis of the age–height relationship, missing the pith of the tree (pith offset), and site-specific ecesis time revealed a total uncertainty value of ±59 years. Three adjacent terminal moraines were identified, which increasingly tapered towards the glacier, with oldest deposition dates of 1749 ± 5 CE, 1789 ± 5 CE, and 1867 ± 5 CE. Radiocarbon dates of trunks incorporated within the terminal moraine system indicate at least three phases of cumulative glacial activity within the last 2300 years that coincide with the Neoglacial phases of the Southern Patagonian Icefield and adjacent mountain glaciers. The sub-recent trunks revealed the first evidence of a Neoglacial advance between ~600 BCE and 100 CE, which so far has not been substantiated in the Magallanes–Tierra del Fuego region.

scholarly journals Late Holocene guanaco hunting grounds in southern Patagonia: blinds, tactics and differential landscape use

Antiquity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (357) ◽  
pp. 718-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Bautista Belardi ◽  
Flavia Carballo Marina ◽  
Patricia Madrid ◽  
Gustavo Barrientos ◽  
Patricia Campan
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Image Position

Abstract

Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon M. Erlandson ◽  
Jack L. Watts ◽  
Nicholas P. Jew
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Late Holocene ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Point Types ◽  
Santa Rosa Island

AbstractUsing several methods to distinguish dart and arrow points, archaeologists have suggested that the bow and arrow appeared in various parts of the world between ˜65,000 and 1,000 years ago. Hildebrandt and King (2012) proposed a dart-arrow index (DAI) to help differentiate dart and arrow points, rejecting claims that the bow and arrow was introduced to western North America prior to the Late Holocene. We used the DAI and other methods to evaluate ˜11,700-year-old projectile points from Santa Rosa Island, obtaining mean values below the threshold for darts, comparable to several North American arrow point types. We have no direct evidence that these small points were used on darts, arrows, or hand-thrown spears, but faunal associations suggest that they may have served as harpoon tips used on atlatl darts to capture birds, fish, and marine mammals. The DAI and other methods for discriminating between dart and arrow points are based almost exclusively on ethnographic and archaeological specimens from interior regions. Our analysis suggests that such methods should not be applied universally, especially in coastal or other aquatic settings, and that archaeologists should continue to critically assess the antiquity of the bow and arrow and the function of projectile points worldwide.

scholarly journals Contributions to the Dart versus Arrow Debate: New Data from Holocene Projectile Points from Southeastern and Southern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2349-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Okumura ◽  
Astolfo G.M. Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Bow And Arrow ◽  
Set Of Points

Lithic bifacial points are very common in the southern and southeastern regions of the Brazilian territory. Dated from Early to Late Holocene, these artifacts have not been studied in terms of their propulsion system. Given the characteristics of the bow and arrow compared to the atlatl and dart, there are important differences in the size and weight of arrowheads and dart points. Applying the techniques proposed by Shott (1997), Bradbury (1997), Fenenga (1953), Hughes (1998), and Hildebrandt and King (2012) to specimens recovered from eight sites dating from the early to the late Holocene, this work aims to present preliminary results to better understand the potential presence of darts and arrows in southeastern and southern Brazil. There was a variation in the results according to the application of different techniques. At least one set of points, dated from the Early Holocene, presented quite a high proportion of specimens classified as arrows, indicating the presence of points that could be used as arrowheads.

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