Persepsi guru tentang etnomatematika di Kabupaten Sorong Papua Barat

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan pengetahuan guru di Kabupaten Sorong terkait konsep pendekatan etnomatematika, peran pendekatan etnomatematika, implementasi pendekatan etnomatematika, pelaksanaan pendekatan etnomatematika, karakteristik penerapan pendekatan etnomatematika, dan pengetahaan tentang etnomatematika papua barat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan angket dengan bantuan Google Form. Selanjutnya penelitian memilih beberapa guru sebagai responden untuk menjawab permasalahan yang ada sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Persepsi guru terhadap etnomatematika di ditinjau dari pengetahuan konsep menunjukan sebagian besar guru pernah mendengar, mengetahui tujuan pendekatan etnomatematika, sedangkan guru-guru tidak mengetahui prinsip, keunggulan, dan kelemahan pendekatan etnomatematika. Ditinjau dari peran pendekatan etnomatematika sebagian besar guru menyatakan etnomatematika dapat membimbing siswa, dapat membantu siswa dalam menghargai penemuan yang diluar perkiraan sebagai hal bermanfaat, berpikir refleksi, memberi kesempatan kepada siswa untuk mengumpulkan informasi yang diperlukan untuk memecahkan persoalan matematika, berpikir logis, konsisten, sistematis, dan membuat catatan. Ditinjau dari implementasi pendekatan etnomatematika sebagian besar guru tidak pernah mengimplementasikan pendekatan etnomatematika di dalam kelas. Ditinjau dari pelaksanaan pendekatan etnomatematika sebagian besar guru tidak mengetahui prinsip pelaksanaan, strategi pembelajaran etnomatematika, sumber belajar etnomatematika, dan pengelolaan lingkungan belajar dalam pendekatan etnomatematika. Ditinjau dari karakteristik penerapan pendekatan etnomatematika sebagian besar guru tidak mengetahui instrumen, konten/isi, dan kerjasama dalam pembelajaran etnomatematika. Ditinjau dari pengetahaan tentang etnomatematika papua barat sebagian besar guru tidak pernah mendengar mengenai pembelajaran etnomatemaika menggunakan sero kokas, alat tradisional tifa Papua, busur dan panah Papua, noken Papua, dan artefak etnomatemaika dari Papua untuk pembelajaran di kelas.Teachers' perceptions of ethnomathematics in Sorong Regency, West PapuaAbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge of teachers in the Sorong district related to the concept of the ethnomathematical approach, the role of the ethnomathematical approach, the implementation of the ethnomathematical approach, the implementation of the ethnomathematical approach, the characteristics of the application of the ethnomathematical approach, and knowledge of the ethnomathematics of West Papua. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with qualitative descriptive methods, data collection techniques using a questionnaire with the help of google form. Furthermore, the study chose several teachers as respondents to answer the existing problems in accordance with the research objectives. The results showed that teachers' perceptions of ethnomathematics in terms of conceptual knowledge showed that most teachers had heard of, knew the purpose of the ethnomathematical approach, while teachers did not know the principles, advantages, and the weakness of the ethnomathematical approach. Judging from the role of the ethnomathematical approach, most teachers state that ethnomathematics can guide students, can help students appreciate unexpected discoveries as useful, think reflection, provide opportunities for students to collect information needed to solve math problems, think logically, consistently, systematically, and take notes. Judging from the implementation of the ethnomathematical approach, most of the teachers have never implemented the ethnomathematical approach in the classroom. Judging from the implementation of the ethnomathematical approach, most teachers do not know the principles of implementation, ethnomathematical learning strategies, ethnomathematical learning resources, and management of the learning environment in the ethnomathematical approach. Judging from the characteristics of the application of the ethnomathematical approach, most teachers do not know the instruments, content, and cooperation in ethnomathematical learning. Judging from their knowledge of West Papuan ethnomathematics, most teachers have never heard of ethnomathematical learning using sero coke, traditional Papuan Tifa tools, Papuan bow and arrow, Papuan noken, and ethnomathematical artifacts from Papua for classroom learning.

COINS OF PANTICAPAEUM AND PHANAGORIA OF THE 3rd QUARTER OF THE 1st CENTURY BCE AS A SOURCE OF HISTORICAL INFORMATION

Статья посвящена оболам, тетрахалам и дихалкам чекана Пантикапея и Фанагории с бюстами Аполлона в лавровом венке, бородатого Геракла, а также Ники с шестиконечной звездой с длинными лучами на аверсе и с изображениями стрелы, лиры и пальмовой ветви, пасущегося пегаса, лука с горитом или со стрелой, лавровой ветви, перевитой лентой, палицы и львиной шкуры, а также проры корабля на реверсе. Их общепринятая классификация до сих пор не разработана, а потенциал как источника исторической информации не раскрыт. Решаем эту задачу, основываясь на результатах иконографического анализа. Выделяем в первую серию оболы со стрелой, лирой и пальмовой ветвью и тетрахалки с пасущимся пегасом на реверсе, выбитые на монетах Асандра. Судя по митридатидской символике, их отчеканили при Скрибонии. После его свержения в Пантикапее были выпущены тетрахалки с горитом и луком и дихалки с палицей и львиной шкурой на реверсе. Относим эти монеты ко второй серии Пантикапея. В Фанагории в период восстания чеканили тетрахалки с пальмовой ветвью. Выделяем их во вторую серию Фанагории. А после победы инсургентов выпустили тетрахалки с луком и стрелой на реверсе. Относим их к третьей серии Фанагории. Судя по разнообразию символики монет, после гибели Скрибония Боспорское государство распалось. В начале правления Полемона I в Пантикапее и в Фанагории были отчеканены однотипные тетрахалки с бюстом Аполлона на аверсе и с пророй корабля на реверсе, что свидетельствует о восстановлении единства государства. Относим эти монеты к третьей серии Пантикапея и четвертой серии Фанагории. Как видим, привлекшие наше внимание монеты как нельзя лучше проиллюстрировали события, произошедшие на Боспоре в последней трети I в. до н.э. The article focuses on the obols, tetrachalkoi and dichalkoi of the Panticapaeum and Phanagoria mints with busts of Apollo in a laurel wreath, bearded Hercules as well as Nike with six-pointed star with long rays on the obverse and with images of an arrow, lyre and palm branch, grazing Pegasus, bow with gorytos or laurel branch, intertwined with ribbon, club and lion’s skin, as well as ship’s prora on the reverse. Their generally accepted classification has not yet been developed, and their potential as a source of historical information has not been revealed. We solve this problem based on the results of iconographic analysis. In the first series, we single out obols with an arrow, lyre and palm branch and tetrachalkoi with a grazing Pegasus on the reverse, embossed on Asander’s coins. Judging by the Mithridatidic symbolism, they were minted in the time of Scribonius. After his overthrow in Panticapaeum, tetrachalkoi with gorytos and a bow and dichalkoi with club and lion’s skin on the reverse were issued. We attribute these coins to the second series of Panticapaeum. In Phanagoria during the period of the uprising, tetrachalkoi with a palm branch were minted. We select them in the second series of Phanagoria. And after the victory of the insurgents, they fired tetrachalkoi with a bow and arrow on the reverse. We attribute them to the third series of Phanagoria. Judging by the variety of coin symbols, after the death of Scribonius, the Bosporus state collapsed. At the beginning of the reign of Polemon I, in Panticapaeum and in Phanagoria, the same type of tetrachalke with a bust of Apollo on the obverse and with ship’s prora on the reverse were minted, which testifies to the restoration of the unity of the state. We attribute these coins to the third series of Panticapaeum and the fourth series of Phanagoria. As we can see, the coins that attracted our attention perfectly illustrated the events that took place in the Bosporus in the last third of the 1st century BCE.

Beach volleyball spike arm swing techniques of Olympics and world championships winners (1996–2019) reveal gender differences

The spike attack is one of the most important skills in beach volleyball, and as an overarm movement, places significant load on the shoulder joint that could lead to increased risk of injury. An analysis of the different techniques used by elite athletes could provide important insights regarding the etiology of these injuries. This study aimed to assess the spike attack arm swing techniques of Olympics and World Championships (1996-2019) beach volleyball winners and to investigate possible gender differences. Twenty-five male and twenty female winners were assessed on video recordings from eighteen competitions. The different arm swing techniques in the cocking phase (Straight, Bow-and-arrow high, Bow-and-arrow low, Snap, and Circular) were classified by two experts. Intra-rater reliability of both experts (κ = 1.000, P < .001 and κ = .969, P < .001 respectively) and inter-rater reliability (κ = .969, P < .001), assessed by Cohen’s Kappa, were almost perfect. There were significant gender differences in arm swing techniques ( P < .001) with a large size effect (Cramer’s V = .650). The most frequent technique for men was the Bow-and-arrow low (56%) followed by Circular (24%) and Bow-and-arrow high (20%), while for women were the Bow-and-arrow high (30%) and Snap (30%), followed by Bow-and-arrow low (25%) and Straight (15%). The results showed a great variation in arm swing techniques even among world class beach volleyball players as well as significant gender differences, and could allow us to develop interesting hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that could lead to shoulder overuse injuries.

Genesis and Evolution of Military Strategy

It cannot be a strategy without technical determinations. Technique is the most dynamic element of the action. In general, the technical component answers a sharp question: with what? The ancient warrior used the spear, the bow and arrow, the sword and the shield. These means allowed nothing but close combat and, eventually, hitting the enemy from a distance with an arrow or a spear. The historical evolution of peoples was obviously based on the art of political-military leadership. In the distant past, there was no theoretical system of general notions, principles and laws of this art, although, intuitively, great army commanders, some of them true geniuses of war politics, masterfully applied it.

Power, security, and exchange: Impacts of a Late Holocene volcanic eruption in Subarctic North America

We synthesize environmental and cultural change following a volcanic eruption at A.D. 846–848 in Subarctic North America to demonstrate how social relationships shaped responses to natural disasters. Ethnohistoric accounts and archaeometric studies reveal differences in human adaptations in the Yukon and Mackenzie river basins that relate to exertions of power over contested resources versus affordances of security to intercept dispersed migrating animals. The ways that pre-contact hunter-gatherers maintained or redressed ecological imbalances influenced respective trajectories of resilience to a major event. Adaptive responses to a volcanic eruption affected the movement of bow and arrow technology and the proliferation of copper use in northwest North America.

Relaxation exercises based on pulse index and their effect on developing focus and achieving long distance bow and arrow players

It is necessary to use relaxation exercises that help the athlete get rid of the effects of fatigue and keep the athlete away from the risk of injury and the negative effects of carrying the training, which may affect the focus of attention and achievement. Attention and the goal of the research to identify the effect of relaxation exercises according to the pulse index in developing attention concentration and achievement. The research sample was chosen from the players of the bow and arrow and the number (6) players. Because of its impact on the development process