Middle Ages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don S. Lemons
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Uniform Acceleration ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the middle ages (550-1510 CE) scientific knowledge was consolidated and translated, first from Greek and Latin into Arabic and Syriac and then from Arabic and Greek into Latin. Alhazen (1020 CE) was an important Arabic speaking scholar who made important contributions to a theory of vision and of refraction. Oresme and the school of Oxford scholars were the first (1360 CE) to describe uniform acceleration graphically. Leonardo De Vinci was a prolific inventor and user of informative diagrams – one of which describes the cause of “earthshine” (1520 CE).

scholarly journals Maronite writer Jibri`il Jarmanus Farhat (1670–1732) and his attempts to include the works of Christian Arab authors in the “virtual catalogue” of Arabic Muslim literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
N. I. Serikoff
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article deals with the activities of the Maronite patriarch Gabriel German Farhat (1670–1732) in the field of the Arab bibliography. The author argues that by the 18th century AD in the Arabic-speaking literature of the Middle East, were used two types of introductions to the written texts, the Muslim and the Christian. The metalanguage, which was employed by Muslim authors in the introductions to their texts, was very convenient for constructing book-titles that by themselves built the “data base” of the so-called the Arabic Islamic “virtual catalogue”. The metalanguage used by Christian authors was different, and therefore in the library world of the Middle Ages two traditions were incompatible and therefore existed without intersecting. The Maronite Patriarch Gabriel German Farhat, being a bibliophile and a librarian, in his writings proposed organizing introductions to Christian texts in a Muslim manner, however, preserving their Christian content.The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

scholarly journals Science et exégèse. Les interprétations antiques et médiévales du récit biblique de la création des éléments (Genèse 1, 1–8) edited by Béatrice Bakhouche

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lemler
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Middle Ages

Biblical exegetes from Antiquity and the Middle Ages continuously confronted the cosmogonic narrative offered in Genesis with the scientific cosmological theories of their times. Besides addressing theological questions raised by the text, most exegetes of the past were occupied with harmonizing the biblical cosmogony with current scientific knowledge or dealing with their manifest discrepancies. Reviewed by: David Lemler, Published Online (2021-04-30)Copyright © 2021 by David Lemler Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/aestimatio/article/view/37667/28671 Corresponding Author: David Lemler, Sorbonne UniversitéE-Mail: [email protected]

Truth in the Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Heavy Hitters ◽  
Necessary Truth ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
The Middle Ages

There was enormous debate in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries over the nature of truth and our relation to it. This chapter presents the central positions and debates, ultimately rooted in ancient theories from Aristotle and Augustine, but magnificently transformed by medieval interests. Topics considered include the metaphysical and the propositional status of truth, the paradigm of scientific knowledge as necessary truth known with certainty and evidentness, and the debates over how truth is cognized, which concern whether illumination from God is required or whether by human effort alone truth can be accessed. Major figures in these debates include many of the medieval period’s heavy-hitters, including Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, and Duns Scotus. Finally, in the fourteenth century, from William of Ockham and John Buridan emerges a new paradigm: the theory of semantic truth.

scholarly journals Specialized Science

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Casadevall ◽  
Ferric C. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACTAs the body of scientific knowledge in a discipline increases, there is pressure for specialization. Fields spawn subfields that then become entities in themselves that promote further specialization. The process by which scientists join specialized groups has remarkable similarities to the guild system of the middle ages. The advantages of specialization of science include efficiency, the establishment of normative standards, and the potential for greater rigor in experimental research. However, specialization also carries risks of monopoly, monotony, and isolation. The current tendency to judge scientific work by the impact factor of the journal in which it is published may have roots in overspecialization, as scientists are less able to critically evaluate work outside their field than before. Scientists in particular define themselves through group identity and adopt practices that conform to the expectations and dynamics of such groups. As part of our continuing analysis of issues confronting contemporary science, we analyze the emergence and consequences of specialization in science, with a particular emphasis on microbiology, a field highly vulnerable to balkanization along microbial phylogenetic boundaries, and suggest that specialization carries significant costs. We propose measures to mitigate the detrimental effects of scientific specialism.

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