Learning Mechanisms in Affective Disorders

A New Understanding of Mental Disorders ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036894.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Heinz

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Clinical Depression ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Dimensional Approach ◽

Learning Mechanisms ◽

Neurotransmitter Systems ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Reward Anticipation ◽

Fear And Anxiety

Affective disorders are described with respect to a model of positive and negative affect, which suggests that clinical depression may result both from an impairment of reward anticipation and experience as well as from an increase in negative affect, which correlates with increased activation of limbic circuits associated with fear and anxiety. Dopamine and serotonin dysfunction interacting with such functional alterations are described, and stress effects on these neurotransmitter systems are discussed. The dimensional approach to affective disorders is explained with respect to different syndrome clusters reflecting negative affect and clinical depression.

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Clinical Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Depressed Cognition in Caregiving Grandmothers

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 368-368

Author(s):

Christopher Burant ◽

Alexandra Jeanblanc ◽

Carol Musil ◽

McKenzie Wallace ◽

Zauszniewski Jaclene

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Clinical Depression ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Chi Square ◽

Depressive Cognitions ◽

Risk For Depression

Abstract Grandmothers living with or raising grandchildren have elevated levels of depressive symptoms compared to grandmothers who do not provide care. While the CES-D measures the somatic, positive and negative affect, and interpersonal strain symptoms experienced with depression, the Depressive Cognitions Scale captures the change in cognitive thinking that often precedes clinical depression. Our aim was to compare depressive symptoms and depressed cognitions between grandmother caregivers with a diagnosis of depression and those without in a nationwide sample of 342 grandmother caregivers. In the questionnaire, participants were asked whether they had a diagnosis of depression amongst other health conditions and also completed the CES-D and the Depressed Cognitions Scale. A score of 16 or greater on the CESD or a score above 7 on the Depressed Cognitions Scale can be used to identify individuals who may be at risk for depression. Grandmothers who had a diagnosis of depression were more likely to have CES-D scores 16 and above (79.7 %) as compared to those who were not (39.2%) (Chi Square=54.55, p<.001); and more likely to have higher depressed cognition scores 7 and above (71.3 %) as compared to those who did not (42.9%) (Chi Square=26.68, p<.001). Additionally, grandmothers who had depressed cognitions were more likely to have CES-D scores 16 and above (74.1 %) as compared to those who were not (33.1%) (Chi Square=57.56, p<.001). The elevated scores in participants who already have a diagnosis of depression indicates the need for potential interventions to further address depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers.

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The Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of Positive and Negative Affect

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000252 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 265-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mohsen Joshanloo ◽

Ali Bakhshi

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Factor Model ◽

Positive And Negative Affect ◽

Cultural Groups ◽

Invariance Testing ◽

The Usa ◽

Scalar Invariance ◽

Gender Groups

Abstract. This study investigated the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Mroczek and Kolarz’s scales of positive and negative affect in Iran (N = 2,391) and the USA (N = 2,154), and across gender groups. The two-factor model of affect was supported across the groups. The results of measurement invariance testing confirmed full metric and partial scalar invariance of the scales across cultural groups, and full metric and full scalar invariance across gender groups. The results of latent mean analysis revealed that Iranians scored lower on positive affect and higher on negative affect than Americans. The analyses also showed that American men scored significantly lower than American women on negative affect. The significance and implications of the results are discussed.

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