scholarly journals Decision letter: Metazoan evolution of glutamate receptors reveals unreported phylogenetic groups and divergent lineage-specific events

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Divergent Lineage

scholarly journals Author response: Metazoan evolution of glutamate receptors reveals unreported phylogenetic groups and divergent lineage-specific events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ramos-Vicente ◽  
Jie Ji ◽  
Esther Gratacòs-Batlle ◽  
Gemma Gou ◽  
Rita Reig-Viader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Divergent Lineage

scholarly journals Metazoan evolution of glutamate receptors reveals unreported phylogenetic groups and divergent lineage-specific events

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ramos-Vicente ◽  
Jie Ji ◽  
Esther Gratacòs-Batlle ◽  
Gemma Gou ◽  
Rita Reig-Viader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Synaptic Strength ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Class Iv

Glutamate receptors are divided in two unrelated families: ionotropic (iGluR), driving synaptic transmission, and metabotropic (mGluR), which modulate synaptic strength. The present classification of GluRs is based on vertebrate proteins and has remained unchanged for over two decades. Here we report an exhaustive phylogenetic study of GluRs in metazoans. Importantly, we demonstrate that GluRs have followed different evolutionary histories in separated animal lineages. Our analysis reveals that the present organization of iGluRs into six classes does not capture the full complexity of their evolution. Instead, we propose an organization into four subfamilies and ten classes, four of which have never been previously described. Furthermore, we report a sister class to mGluR classes I-III, class IV. We show that many unreported proteins are expressed in the nervous system, and that new Epsilon receptors form functional ligand-gated ion channels. We propose an updated classification of glutamate receptors that includes our findings.

scholarly journals Developmental processes in Ediacara macrofossils

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1945) ◽  
pp. 20203055
Author(s):  
Scott D. Evans ◽  
Mary L. Droser ◽  
Douglas H. Erwin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Genetic Pathways ◽  
Metazoan Evolution ◽  
Ediacara Biota ◽  
Early Metazoan

The Ediacara Biota preserves the oldest fossil evidence of abundant, complex metazoans. Despite their significance, assigning individual taxa to specific phylogenetic groups has proved problematic. To better understand these forms, we identify developmentally controlled characters in representative taxa from the Ediacaran White Sea assemblage and compare them with the regulatory tools underlying similar traits in modern organisms. This analysis demonstrates that the genetic pathways for multicellularity, axial polarity, musculature, and a nervous system were likely present in some of these early animals. Equally meaningful is the absence of evidence for major differentiation of macroscopic body units, including distinct organs, localized sensory machinery or appendages. Together these traits help to better constrain the phylogenetic position of several key Ediacara taxa and inform our views of early metazoan evolution. An apparent lack of heads with concentrated sensory machinery or ventral nerve cords in such taxa supports the hypothesis that these evolved independently in disparate bilaterian clades.

Glioblastoma invasion and NMDA receptors: A novel prospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
DN Nandakumar ◽  
P Ramaswamy ◽  
C Prasad ◽  
D Srinivas ◽  
K Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
Matrigel Invasion ◽  
Nmdar Activation ◽  
And Migration

Purpose Glioblastoma cells create glutamate-rich tumor microenvironment, which initiates activation of ion channels and modulates downstream intracellular signaling. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs; a type of glutamate receptors) have a high affinity for glutamate. The role of NMDAR activation on invasion of glioblastoma cells and the crosstalk with α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) is yet to be explored. Main methods LN18, U251MG, and patient-derived glioblastoma cells were stimulated with NMDA to activate NMDAR glutamate receptors. The role of NMDAR activation on invasion and migration and its crosstalk with AMPAR were evaluated. Invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells were investigated by in vitro trans-well Matrigel invasion and trans-well migration assays, respectively. Expression of NMDARs and AMPARs at transcript level was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results We determined that NMDA stimulation leads to enhanced invasion in LN18, U251MG, and patient-derived glioblastoma cells, whereas inhibition of NMDAR using MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDAR, significantly decreased the invasive capacity. Concordant with these findings, migration was significantly augmented by NMDAR in both cell lines. Furthermore, NMDA stimulation upregulated the expression of GluN2 and GluA1 subunits at the transcript level. Conclusions This study demonstrated the previously unexplored role of NMDAR in invasion of glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, the expression of the GluN2 subunit of NMDAR and the differential overexpression of the GluA1 subunit of AMPAR in both cell lines provide a plausible rationale of crosstalk between these calcium-permeable subunits in the glutamate-rich microenvironment of glioblastoma.

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