scholarly journals Sociopragmatic variation in attention focus: 'mira', 'fíjate', and 'oye' in San Juan and Mexico City

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Lamar Graham
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Attention Focus ◽  
American Cities

Discourse markers of attention focus (enfocadores de alteridad in Spanish) frequently serve the purposes of drawing the hearer’s attention to what the speaker is saying, either to establish or maintain contact between the two interlocutors.  The current study aims to determine whether the choice of appellative marker is socially or grammatically motivated.  Using sociolinguistic corpora from two major Latin American cities, the study will analyze the variation among the markers.  More specifically, are there extenuating factors that influence whether a speaker elects to use mira, fíjate or oye to focus the attention of the hearer?  The study finds that the choice between markers in San Juan and Mexico City is conditioned by different markers in each locale and, additionally, hints that the style of discourse may have an effect on the prevalence of these markers in general.

The avoidable health effects of air pollution in three Latin American cities: Santiago, São Paulo, and Mexico City

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Bell ◽  
Devra L. Davis ◽  
Nelson Gouveia ◽  
Víctor H. Borja-Aburto ◽  
Luis A. Cifuentes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
American Cities

Asthma prevalence in children living in north Mexico City and a comparison with other Latin American cities and world regions

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Del-Rio-Navarro ◽  
Jaime Mariano Del Rio-Chivardi ◽  
Arturo Berber ◽  
Juan Jose Luis Sienra-Monge ◽  
Miguel Angel Rosas-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
World Regions ◽  
American Cities

Slum Neighborhoods in Latin America

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd H. Rogler
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Vacant Lots ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

In the life of Latin American cities the rapid expansion of slum neighborhoods has emerged as a compelling problem. The inability of city authorities to provide adequate and inexpensive housing for rural-to-urban migrants, as well as for those economically poor persons born and raised in the city, has clashed with the tremendous growth of the population and its drive toward urbanization. The impoverished families must settle wherever they can. Scattered throughout Mexico City, for instance, on vacant lots adjoining factories or on the periphery of the metropolitan area are shack homes built of miscellaneous materials, known as jacales, or the rows of single-story concrete, brick, or adobe dwellings called vecindades. Beyond Mexico City, there are the villas miserias of Buenos Aires, the favelas on the rocky promontories of Rio de Janeiro, the barrios clandestinos of Bogotá, the barriadasmarginales of Lima, the ranchos of Caracas, and the callampas (mushrooms) of Santiago.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Severity of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Three Latin American Cities: Mexico City-Mexico, Great Metropolitan Area-Costa Rica and Bogota-Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Murillo DDS, MDSc ◽  
Maria Alejandra Vargas DDS, Sp ◽  
Jacqueline Castillo MSc ◽  
Juan Jaime Serrano DDS, Sp ◽  
Gloria Marcela Ramirez DDS, Sp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
American Cities

Plaque-induced gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and can affect 100% of the population. Gingivitis prevalence in Latin American population is not well documented, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in adult populations of three Latin American cities.   Methods: This cross sectional multicenter study included 1650 participants, 550 from the Great Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica (GAM), 550 from Mexico City, Mexico (CDMX) and 550 from Bogota City, Colombia (BC). Subjects completed a questionnaire about their medical history and oral hygiene. Clinical assessment included recording of missing teeth, visible plaque index, calculus recording and gingival index (GI, Loe-Silness index).  Results: Average GI was 1.36. No statistical difference was found between GAM (1.45) and BC (1.48); however, GI in CDMX was significantly lower (1.16). Average gingival bleeding on probing was 43%. Total plaque index was 0.76 showing the highest accumulation at interproximal sites (p=0.0001). A positive correlation was found between plaque and gingivitis (r=0.59). Dental calculus was present in at least one of the 18 evaluated sites per subject with no statistical difference between cities. There was no statistical difference in GI between smokers, former smokers and non- smokers.  Conclusion: Gingivitis prevalence was 99.6%. Moderate Gingivitis was the predominant form, with no statistically significant difference between cities or gender. Dental plaque accumulation was the most important risk factor associated with the establishment of the disease.

Women's Empowerment in Latin American Cities and Its Influence on Mortality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ortigoza ◽  
Ariela Braverman ◽  
Philipp Hessel ◽  
Vanessa Di Cecco ◽  
Amélia Augusta Friche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
American Cities

Mortality Amenable to Health Care in Latin American Cities: Examining Between-Country Variation in Amenable Mortality and the Potential Role of Urban Metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pricila Mullachery ◽  
Daniel A. Rodriguez ◽  
J. Jaime Miranda ◽  
Nancy Lopez-Olmedo ◽  
Kevin Martinez-Folgar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Amenable Mortality ◽  
Urban Metrics ◽  
American Cities

scholarly journals Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mónica Mazariegos ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Ariela Braverman-Bronstein ◽  
María F Kroker-Lobos ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
University Education ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
American Cities

Abstract Objective: Using newly harmonised individual-level data on health and socio-economic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association between obesity and education levels and explored potential effect modification of this association by city-level socio-economic development. Design: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2002 and 2017. Absolute and relative educational inequalities in obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, derived from measured weight and height) were calculated first. Then, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was run to test for effect modification of the education–obesity association by city-level socio-economic development. All analyses were stratified by sex. Setting: One hundred seventy-six Latin American cities within eight countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru). Participants: 53 186 adults aged >18 years old. Results: Among women, 25 % were living with obesity and obesity was negatively associated with educational level (higher education–lower obesity) and this pattern was consistent across city-level socio-economic development. Among men, 18 % were living with obesity and there was a positive association between education and obesity (higher education–higher obesity) for men living in cities with lower levels of development, whereas for those living in cities with higher levels of development, the pattern was inverted and university education was protective of obesity. Conclusions: Among women, education was protective of obesity regardless, whereas among men, it was only protective in cities with higher levels of development. These divergent results suggest the need for sex- and city-specific interventions to reduce obesity prevalence and inequalities.

Latin American Cities and Regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Guillermo Jajamovich, ◽  
Oscar Sosa López, and ◽  
Gabriel Silvestre
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
American Cities
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