scholarly journals Educational inequalities in obesity: a multilevel analysis of survey data from cities in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mónica Mazariegos ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Ariela Braverman-Bronstein ◽  
María F Kroker-Lobos ◽  
Manuel Ramírez-Zea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
University Education ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
American Cities

Abstract Objective: Using newly harmonised individual-level data on health and socio-economic environments in Latin American cities (from the Salud Urbana en América Latina (SALURBAL) study), we assessed the association between obesity and education levels and explored potential effect modification of this association by city-level socio-economic development. Design: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2002 and 2017. Absolute and relative educational inequalities in obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, derived from measured weight and height) were calculated first. Then, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was run to test for effect modification of the education–obesity association by city-level socio-economic development. All analyses were stratified by sex. Setting: One hundred seventy-six Latin American cities within eight countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru). Participants: 53 186 adults aged >18 years old. Results: Among women, 25 % were living with obesity and obesity was negatively associated with educational level (higher education–lower obesity) and this pattern was consistent across city-level socio-economic development. Among men, 18 % were living with obesity and there was a positive association between education and obesity (higher education–higher obesity) for men living in cities with lower levels of development, whereas for those living in cities with higher levels of development, the pattern was inverted and university education was protective of obesity. Conclusions: Among women, education was protective of obesity regardless, whereas among men, it was only protective in cities with higher levels of development. These divergent results suggest the need for sex- and city-specific interventions to reduce obesity prevalence and inequalities.

scholarly journals The Influence of Government Effectiveness and Corruption on the High Levels of Homicide in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Gonzalo Croci ◽  
Laura Juliana Rodriguez Forero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
International Variation ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin America Region

Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved.

scholarly journals FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL SYSTEM OF EDUCATION QUALITY ASSURANCE AT THE UNIVERSITY AS A FACTOR OF STATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
A. Artyukhov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The University

The article is devoted to the description and analysis of factors that potentially and actually affect the socio-economic development of the state on the example of the higher education institution. It is established that at the system level the level of ensuring the quality of educational activities and the quality of higher education has a decisive influence on the formation of a positive image of a higher education institution. The results of a survey of students on the criteria for choosing a university to study are presented. Statistics on public funding of education in general and higher education in particular are presented and analyzed. It is established that, despite the formally high percentage of education funding from the level of GDP in absolute terms, the actual funding is low and needs to be strengthened by attracting external funding from customers. Attention is also paid to the state of development of educational services for foreign students. In a competitive environment at the national and international level, the decisive influence on the involvement of foreign students in the university is influenced by the structure of the training program, teacher qualifications, organization of the educational process in the classroom and so on. The article on the example of a higher education institution presents the main stages of formation and development of the internal system of quality assurance of education as an object of influence on the socio-economic development of the state. The development and/or improvement of internal quality assurance systems in universities is becoming a powerful basis for increasing university funding from external (personally involved) sources, reducing the outflow of applicants abroad and the successful provision of educational services to foreign students. At this stage, given the limited opportunities for funding of educational activities by the state (compared to EU countries), the successful implementation of the university development strategy is possible provided that systematic work is done to improve the quality of educational services for domestic and foreign citizens. As part of further research, it is planned to analyze the mutual impact of the education quality assurance system on the effectiveness of scientific activities, the provision of additional paid educational services, training for external customers and other sources.

scholarly journals Internacionalización del currículo universitario virtual en el contexto de la globalización

Telos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 754-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Valdés Montecinos
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Virtual Education ◽  
University Education ◽  
Virtual University ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Comprehensive Internationalization

Year after year the number of students in higher education increases worldwide, and particularly in the virtual mode. In the face of this reality, a series of phenomena combine that have driven university institutions to reinvent themselves. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of globalization and internationalization on the curriculum of university education, with particular emphasis on Latin American virtual education. The methodology used is the review of both literature specialized in the subject and official documents of the agencies involved. The results reveal that: 1) multilateral agencies have been made efforts to establish two-way academic partnership and cooperation agreements, on the one hand, to promote the mobility of students and teachers, as well as the realization of joint projects; on the other hand, to promote the processes of quality control and internationalization of the curriculum. 2) Regarding virtual education in the region, the need to ensure and demonstrate the quality of its programs has been set, with the Latin American and Caribbean Institute of Quality in Distance Higher Education (CALED) being one of the main references regarding guidelines and instruments for evaluation and advice to universities on quality assessment and accreditation processes. It is concluded that the internationalization of the curriculum in virtual university education in Latin America faces the challenge of taking the step towards comprehensive internationalization, that is, the one that comprehensively impacts the curriculum from a conceptual and cultural structure including interdisciplinary studies and multiculturalism.

scholarly journals Understanding the Effectiveness of Higher Education System: Evidences from Market Outcomes of Early University Graduates in Seven European Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7761
Author(s):  
Zhen Yue ◽  
Kai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Course Design ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Socio Economic Development

Being enlightened by Richard Florida’s seminal work on the creative class, this paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of higher education institutions to cultivate a workforce with utilised skills that meet the demand of labour market in the context of sustainable socio-economic development. Based on the macro and micro data generated from Eurostat and the Europe Labour Force Survey (EU LFS), the supply and demand condition of early graduates and the mismatch rate between early graduates’ education backgrounds and actual jobs they undertook are estimated by a multinomial logit model in seven European countries. The findings suggest that, (1) higher education has a significant impact on the formation of specific sustainability competencies that contribute to the development of creative economy; (2) many creative workers also have a high probability of finding jobs that are not commensurate with their qualifications; (3) the effect of higher education policies appears to be heterogeneous across different countries. Therefore, we argue that policy makers should increase awareness about connecting internal measures of education system (e.g., course design) directly to aims and scopes of sustainable socio-economic development scenarios, and joint efforts shall be made to reduce such mismatch rates for particular subjects that are identified by regular monitoring procedures or programmes on the basis of full consideration of interests and reasonable requirements across different countries in Europe.

scholarly journals The Role of Higher Education in the Socio-Economic Development of Peripheral Regions

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kohoutek ◽  
Rómulo Pinheiro ◽  
Inna Čábelková ◽  
Michaela Šmídová
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Peripheral Regions

scholarly journals Development of the Entrepreneurial University – A Solution to Promote University and Business Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Xuan Phong ◽  
Vo Minh Sang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Entrepreneurial University ◽  
The Other ◽  
Academic Environment ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The One

The cooperation between universities and businesses can bring many benefits for each party as well as for the socio-economic development in general. This relationship is motivated by the needs, capacities, conditions of each entity, and the level of institution constructivism. In Vietnam, although there have been policies of encouragement, the engagement between universities and businesses is still at a limited level due to different reasons. Along with the transition of higher education in the world from first generation universities to third generation universities, with the nature of an open academic environment, with multidimensional and multi-form cooperative exchanges, the model of entrepreneuprial university, or innovation-oriented university, has become popular. This research focuses on identifying the nature and characteristics of the entrepreneuprial university and proposing the development of an entrepreneuprial university model as a solution to promote cooperation between universities and businesses. The research shows that on the one side, an entrepreneuprial university has a need to be more business-oriented in itself to narrow the basin of challenges that exists between the two stakeholders. On the other side, the entrepreneuprial university model brings more trust to business and minimizes investment risks, thus creating more attraction for business to cooperate with universities.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of higher education competitiveness on the level of socio-economic development of a country

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-383
Author(s):  
Yurii Chentukov ◽  
Volodymyr Omelchenko ◽  
Olha Zakharova ◽  
Tamara Nikolenko
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
System Development ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

The study is devoted to the investigation of the educational determinants as components in shaping the level of socio-economic development of countries around the world, including assessment of the impact of national higher education system development indicators on the determinants of economic development, in particular macroeconomic, innovation, and technology determinants.Based on the grouping of 50 countries, a matrix of relationships between the Universitas 21 index and global competitiveness index was constructed. It is determined that despite the close correlation between the indices as a whole (0.96), there is a certain differentiation of influence in groups. The high impact of education on global competitiveness (0.76) was found in the group of countries with a medium level of competitiveness, moderate impact (0.54) – in the group of highly competitive countries, weak impact (0.38) – in the group of countries with a low level of competitiveness. Based on the correlation-regression analysis, the study proposes a structural-logical graph of the relationship between educational and economic indicators and quantifies it accordingly. The results show that the level of higher education competitiveness is closely correlated with such indicators as the level of global innovation development (0.8 over the period 2012-2020), the level of the knowledge intensity of GDP (0.73), and the level of socio-economic development (0.75). The results will allow changes in education indicators to be taken into account in the context of their impact on economic development and global development strategies.

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