scholarly journals Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo A. Kerhervé ◽  
Tom Cole-Hunter ◽  
Aaron N. Wiegand ◽  
Colin Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Total Speed ◽  
Hilly Terrain ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Speed Selection ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Main Component

Purpose The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (>80 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. Methods Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a  173 km event (five finished at  103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. Results There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. Conclusions Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events.

scholarly journals Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo A Kerhervé ◽  
Tom Cole-Hunter ◽  
Aaron N Wiegand ◽  
Colin Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Total Speed ◽  
Hilly Terrain ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Speed Selection ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Main Component

Purpose. The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (~173 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. Methods. Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a ~173 km event (five finished at ~103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. Results. There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. Conclusions. Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events.

scholarly journals Pacing during an ultramarathon running event in hilly terrain

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo A Kerhervé ◽  
Tom Cole-Hunter ◽  
Aaron N Wiegand ◽  
Colin Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Total Speed ◽  
Hilly Terrain ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Speed Selection ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Main Component

Purpose. The dynamics of speed selection as a function of distance, or pacing, are used in recreational, competitive, and scientific research situations as an indirect measure of the psycho-physiological status of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine pacing on level, uphill and downhill sections of participants in a long (~173 km) ultramarathon performed on trails in hilly terrain. Methods. Fifteen ultramarathon runners competed in a ~173 km event (five finished at ~103 km) carrying a Global-Positioning System (GPS) device. Using the GPS data, we determined the speed, relative to average total speed, in level (LEV), uphill (UH) and downhill (DH) gradient categories as a function of total distance, as well as the correlation between overall performance and speed variability, speed loss, and total time stopped. Results. There were no significant differences in normality, variances or means in the relative speed in 173-km and 103-km participants. Relative speed decreased in LEV, UH and DH. The main component of speed loss occurred between 5% and 50% of the event distance in LEV, and between 5% and 95% in UH and DH. There were no significant correlations between overall performance and speed loss, the variability of speed, or total time stopped. Conclusions. Positive pacing was observed at all gradients, with the main component of speed loss occurring earlier (mixed pacing) in LEV compared to UH and DH. A speed reserve (increased speed in the last section) was observed in LEV and UH. The decrease in speed and variability of speed were more important in LEV and DH than in UH. The absence of a significant correlation between overall performance and descriptors of pacing is novel and indicates that pacing in ultramarathons in trails and hilly terrain differs to other types of running events.

scholarly journals Variance-Triggered Two-Step GPS Acquisition

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 3177
Author(s):  
Fabrício Costa ◽  
Glauberto Leilson Albuquerque ◽  
Luiz Felipe Silveira ◽  
Carlos Valderrama ◽  
Samuel Xavier-de-Souza
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Doppler Frequency ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Acquisition Performance ◽  
Doppler Shifts ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Serial Algorithm

The acquisition is the most time-consuming step performed by a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The objective is to detect which satellites are transmitting and what are the phase and Doppler frequency shift of the signal. It is the step with the highest computational complexity, especially for signals subjected to large Doppler shifts. Improving acquisition performance has a large impact on the overall performance of the GNSS reception. In this paper, we present a two-step Global Positioning System (GPS) acquisition algorithm whose first step performs an incremental correlation to find a coarse pair of phase and frequency and the second step, triggered by the variance of the largest correlation values, refines the first step. The proposed strategy, based on the conventional time-domain serial algorithm, reduces the average execution time of the acquisition process to about 1/5 of the conventional acquisition while keeping the same modest logic hardware requirements and slightly better success and false-positive rates. Additionally, the new method reduces memory usage by a factor that is proportional to the signal’s sampling frequency. All these advantages over conventional acquisition contribute together to significantly improve the overall performance and cost of GPS receivers.

Multiple Car-Following Data with Real-Time Kinematic Global Positioning System

2002 ◽  
Vol 1802 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemunu Senadeera Gurusinghe ◽  
Takashi Nakatsuji ◽  
Yoichi Azuta ◽  
Prakash Ranjitkar ◽  
Yordphol Tanaboriboon
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Real Time Kinematic ◽  
Global Positioning

The real-time kinematic differential Global Positioning System (GPS) has facilitated a new horizon in traffic engineering. Multiple car-following experiments conducted with a real-time kinematic GPS with 10 vehicles participating in a probing field gave high-quality results in headway, speed, relative speed, and acceleration. The expected accuracies for measuring position and speed were 10 mm and 0.16 km/h, respectively. The vehicles were driven in a loop consisting of two parallel straight sections connected by two semicircular curves. Different driving conditions were induced in the platoon by instructing the leading driver to follow predetermined speed variations. The experiments yielded sets of continuous observations. Headway, speed, and acceleration were measured using conventional equipment for the purpose of comparing accuracy. The accuracy of the data obtained using the GPS was superior to that of the same data obtained using conventional measurements. The variation in driving characteristics down the stream of vehicles was studied using the experimental data. The results showed that the reaction time between a change in relative speed and the corresponding change in acceleration varies during the driving process. The reaction time of individual drivers also changes along the platoon. The good-quality data were able to give high-resolution plots of acceleration and relative speed illustrating that both the reaction time and the functional relationship between acceleration and relative speed do not remain constant.

GPS and GSM Based Tracking System for Objects Moving over Wide Geographical Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Ameen ◽  
Ziad Mohammed ◽  
Abdulrahman Siddiq
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Tracking Systems ◽  
Acceptable Result ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Tracking Objects

Tracking systems of moving objects provide a useful means to better control, manage and secure them. Tracking systems are used in different scales of applications such as indoors, outdoors and even used to track vehicles, ships and air planes moving over the globe. This paper presents the design and implementation of a system for tracking objects moving over a wide geographical area. The system depends on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies without requiring the Internet service. The implemented system uses the freely available GPS service to determine the position of the moving objects. The tests of the implemented system in different regions and conditions show that the maximum uncertainty in the obtained positions is a circle with radius of about 16 m, which is an acceptable result for tracking the movement of objects in wide and open environments.

Aplikasi Pemosisi Lokal Berbasis Android Dengan Menggunakan GPS

INTI TALAFA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaman Khaeruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Database Server ◽  
Global Positioning

Seiring dengan pesatnya kemajuan teknologi saat ini, kebutuhan manusia menjadi lebih beragam, termasuk kebutuhan akan informasi. Tidak hanya media informasinya yang semakin beragam, jenis informasi yang dibutuhkan juga semakin beragam, salah satunya adalah kebutuhan informasi akan posisi kita terhadap lingkungan sekitar. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan itu sebuah sistem pemosisi diciptakan. Sistem pemosisi yang banyak digunakan saat ini cenderung berfokus pada lingkup ruang yang besar (global) padahal, dalam lingkup ruang yang lebih kecil (lokal) sebuah sistem pemosisi juga diperlukan, seperti di ruang-ruang terbuka umum (taman atau kebun), ataupun dalam sebuah bangunan. Sistem pemosisi lokal yang ada saat ini sering kali membutuhkan infrastruktur yang mahal dalam pembangunannya. Aplikasi Pemosisi Lokal Berbasis Android dengan Menggunakan GPS ini adalah sebuah aplikasi yang dibangun untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengguna akan informasi lokasi dan posisi mereka terhadap lingkungan di sekitarnya dalam lingkup ruang yang lebih kecil (lokal) dengan memanfaatkan perangkat GPS (Global Positioning System) yang telah tertanam dalam perangkat smartphone Android agar infrastruktur yang dibutuhkan lebih efisien. Dalam implementasinya, Aplikasi Pemosisi Lokal ini bertindak sebagai klien dengan dukungan sebuah Database Server yang berfungsi sebagai media penyimpanan data serta sumber referensi informasi yang dapat diakses melalui jaringan internet sehingga tercipta sebuah sistem yang terintegrasi secara global. Kata kunci: aplikasi, informasi, pemosisi, GPS.

148. Use of Global Positioning System Technology to Track Subjects' Location During Environmental Exposure Sampling

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Phillips ◽  
R. Clinkenbeard ◽  
T. Hall ◽  
D. Johnson ◽  
R. Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
System Technology ◽  
Global Positioning

The Distribution of Hospitality Services in Uyo Urban, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Violet Bassey Eneyo
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Neighbour Analysis

This paper examines the distribution of hospitality services in Uyo Urban, Nigeria. GIS method was the primary tool used for data collection. A global positioning system (GPS) Garmin 60 model was used in tracking the location of 102 hospitality services in the study area. One hypothesis was stated and tested using the nearest neighbour analysis. The finding shows evidence of clustering of the various hospitality services. The tested hypothesis further indicated that hospitality services clustered in areas that guarantee a sustainable level of patronage to maximize profit. Thus, the hospitality services clustered in selected streets in the metropolis while limited numbers were found outside the city’s central area.

A program status report on the Navstar Global Positioning System

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRAIG NIIYA ◽  
JOHN LAMONS
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning
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