scholarly journals Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e4099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Šochová ◽  
Filip Husník ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Ali Halajian ◽  
Václav Hypša
Keyword(s):  
B Vitamins ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Repeated Acquisition ◽  
Evolution Of Symbiosis ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Facultative Symbiosis

Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria are ubiquitous and form a continuum from loose facultative symbiosis to greatly intimate and stable obligate symbiosis. In blood-sucking insects living exclusively on vertebrate blood, obligate endosymbionts are essential for hosts and hypothesized to supplement B-vitamins and cofactors missing from their blood diet. The role and distribution of facultative endosymbionts and their evolutionary significance as seeds of obligate symbioses are much less understood. Here, using phylogenetic approaches, we focus on the Hippoboscidae phylogeny as well as the stability and dynamics of obligate symbioses within this bloodsucking group. In particular, we demonstrate a new potentially obligate lineage of Sodalis co-evolving with the Olfersini subclade of Hippoboscidae. We also show several likely facultative Sodalis lineages closely related to Sodalis praecaptivus (HS strain) and suggest repeated acquisition of novel symbionts from the environment. Similar to Sodalis, Arsenophonus endosymbionts also form both obligate endosymbiotic lineages co-evolving with their hosts (Ornithomyini and Ornithoica groups) as well as possibly facultative infections incongruent with the Hippoboscidae phylogeny. Finally, we reveal substantial diversity of Wolbachia strains detected in Hippoboscidae samples falling into three supergroups: A, B, and the most common F. Altogether, our results prove the associations between Hippoboscoidea and their symbiotic bacteria to undergo surprisingly dynamic, yet selective, evolutionary processes strongly shaped by repeated endosymbiont replacements. Interestingly, obligate symbionts only originate from two endosymbiont genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis, suggesting that the host is either highly selective about its future obligate symbionts or that these two lineages are the most competitive when establishing symbioses in louse flies.

scholarly journals Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Šochová ◽  
Filip Husník ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Ali Halajian ◽  
Václav Hypša
Keyword(s):  
B Vitamins ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Repeated Acquisition ◽  
Evolution Of Symbiosis ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Facultative Symbiosis

Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria are ubiquitous and form a continuum from loose facultative symbiosis to greatly intimate and stable obligate symbiosis. In blood-sucking insects living exclusively on vertebrate blood, obligate endosymbionts are essential for hosts and hypothesized to supplement B-vitamins and cofactors missing from their blood diet. The role and distribution of facultative endosymbionts and their evolutionary significance as seeds of obligate symbioses are much less understood. Here, using phylogenetic approaches, we focus on the Hippoboscidae phylogeny as well as the stability and dynamics of obligate symbioses within this bloodsucking group. In particular, we demonstrate a new potentially obligate lineage of Sodalis co-evolving with the Olfersini subclade of Hippoboscidae. We also show several likely facultative Sodalis lineages closely related to Sodalis praecaptivus (HS strain) and suggest repeated acquisition of novel symbionts from the environment. Similar to Sodalis, Arsenophonus endosymbionts also form both obligate endosymbiotic lineages co-evolving with their hosts (Ornithomyini and Ornithoica groups) as well as possibly facultative infections incongruent with the Hippoboscidae phylogeny. Finally, we reveal substantial diversity of Wolbachia strains detected in Hippoboscidae samples falling into three supergroups: A, B, and the most common F. Altogether, our results prove the associations between Hippoboscoidea and their symbiotic bacteria to undergo surprisingly dynamic, yet selective, evolutionary processes strongly shaped by repeated endosymbiont replacements. Interestingly, obligate symbionts only originate from two endosymbiont genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis, suggesting that the host is either highly selective about its future obligate symbionts or that these two lineages are the most competitive when establishing symbioses in louse flies.

scholarly journals Arsenophonus and Sodalis replacements shape evolution of symbiosis in louse flies

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Šochová ◽  
Filip Husník ◽  
Eva Nováková ◽  
Ali Halajian ◽  
Václav Hypša
Keyword(s):  
B Vitamins ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Repeated Acquisition ◽  
Evolution Of Symbiosis ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Facultative Symbiosis

Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria are ubiquitous and form a continuum from loose facultative symbiosis to greatly intimate and stable obligate symbiosis. In blood-sucking insects living exclusively on vertebrate blood, obligate endosymbionts are essential for hosts and hypothesized to supplement B-vitamins and cofactors missing from their blood diet. The role and distribution of facultative endosymbionts and their evolutionary significance as seeds of obligate symbioses are much less understood. Here, using phylogenetic approaches, we focus on the Hippoboscidae phylogeny as well as the stability and dynamics of obligate symbioses within this bloodsucking group. In particular, we demonstrate a new potentially obligate lineage of Sodalis co-evolving with the Olfersini subclade of Hippoboscidae. We also show several likely facultative Sodalis lineages closely related to Sodalis praecaptivus (HS strain) and suggest repeated acquisition of novel symbionts from the environment. Similar to Sodalis, Arsenophonus endosymbionts also form both obligate endosymbiotic lineages co-evolving with their hosts (Ornithomyini and Ornithoica groups) as well as possibly facultative infections incongruent with the Hippoboscidae phylogeny. Finally, we reveal substantial diversity of Wolbachia strains detected in Hippoboscidae samples falling into three supergroups: A, B, and the most common F. Altogether, our results prove the associations between Hippoboscoidea and their symbiotic bacteria to undergo surprisingly dynamic, yet selective, evolutionary processes strongly shaped by repeated endosymbiont replacements. Interestingly, obligate symbionts only originate from two endosymbiont genera, Arsenophonus and Sodalis, suggesting that the host is either highly selective about its future obligate symbionts or that these two lineages are the most competitive when establishing symbioses in louse flies.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella Endosymbiont Is a Potential Source of Essential B-Vitamins for the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
B Vitamin

Many obligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal levels in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Poultry red mite infestation has a major impact on hen health and welfare and causes a significant reduction in both egg quality and production. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that an obligate intracellular bacterium of the Rickettsiella genus is detected in D. gallinae mites collected from 63 sites (from 15 countries) across Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of Rickettsiella from D. gallinae (Rickettsiella – D. gallinae endosymbiont; Rickettsiella DGE). Rickettsiella DGE has a circular 1.89Mbp genome that encodes 1,973 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement of Rickettsiella DGE within the Rickettsiella genus, related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLEs) from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the Rickettsiella DGE genome reveals that many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but Rickettsiella DGE has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, suggesting the importance of these pathways in evolution of a nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that Rickettsiella DGE is unable to synthesize protein amino acids and, therefore, amino acids are potentially provisioned by the host. In contrast, Rickettsiella DGE retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host.

scholarly journals Genome Evolution of Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc Species: From Facultative Symbiosis to Free Living

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Da Huo ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Fangfang Cai ◽  
Xiaoyu Guo ◽  
Zhiyi Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyphasic Taxonomy ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Gene Repair ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Gene Acquisition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Facultative Symbiosis

In contrast to obligate bacteria, facultative symbiotic bacteria are mainly characterized by genome enlargement. However, the underlying relationship of this feature with adaptations to various habitats remains unclear. In this study, we used the global genome data of Nostoc strains, including 10 novel genomes sequenced in this study and 26 genomes available from public databases, and analyzed their evolutionary history. The evolutionary boundary of the real clade of Nostoc species was identified and was found to be consistent with the results of polyphasic taxonomy. The initial ancestral species of Nostoc was demonstrated to be consistent with a facultative symbiotic population. Further analyses revealed that Nostoc strains tended to shift from facultative symbiosis to a free-living one, along with an increase in genome sizes during the dispersal of each exterior branch. Intracellular symbiosis was proved to be essentially related to Nostoc evolution, and the adaptation of its members to free-living environments was coupled with a large preference for gene acquisition involved in gene repair and recombination. These findings provided unique evidence of genomic mechanisms by which homologous microbes adapt to distinct life manners and external environments.

scholarly journals Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mine Altinli ◽  
Esther Schnettler ◽  
Mathieu Sicard
Keyword(s):  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Virus Interactions

Mosquitoes not only transmit human and veterinary pathogens called arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) but also harbor mosquito-associated insect-specific viruses (mosquito viruses) that cannot infect vertebrates. In the past, studies investigating mosquito viruses mainly focused on highly pathogenic interactions that were easier to detect than those without visible symptoms. However, the recent advances in viral metagenomics have highlighted the abundance and diversity of viruses which do not generate mass mortality in host populations. Over the last decade, this has facilitated the rapid growth of virus discovery in mosquitoes. The circumstances around the discovery of mosquito viruses greatly affected how they have been studied so far. While earlier research mainly focused on the pathogenesis caused by DNA and some double-stranded RNA viruses during larval stages, more recently discovered single-stranded RNA mosquito viruses were heavily studied for their putative interference with arboviruses in female adults. Thus, many aspects of mosquito virus interactions with their hosts and host-microbiota are still unknown. In this context, considering mosquito viruses as endosymbionts can help to identify novel research areas, in particular in relation to their long-term interactions with their hosts (e.g. relationships during all life stages, the stability of the associations at evolutionary scales, transmission routes and virulence evolution) and the possible context-dependent range of interactions (i.e. beneficial to antagonistic). Here, we review the symbiotic interactions of mosquito viruses considering different aspects of their ecology, such as transmission, host specificity, host immune system and interactions with other symbionts within the host cellular arena. Finally, we highlight related research gaps in mosquito virus research.

scholarly journals A Rickettsiella endosymbiont is a potential source of essential B-vitamins for the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. G. Price ◽  
Kathryn Bartley ◽  
Damer P. Blake ◽  
Eleanor Karp-Tatham ◽  
Francesca Nunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dermanyssus Gallinae ◽  
Poultry Red Mite ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
B Vitamin

AbstractObligate blood-sucking arthropods rely on symbiotic bacteria to provision essential B vitamins that are either missing or at sub-optimal amounts in their nutritionally challenging blood diet. The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae, an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite, is primarily associated with poultry and a serious threat to the hen egg industry. Thus far, the identity and biological role of nutrient provisioning bacterial mutualists from D. gallinae are little understood. Here, we demonstrate that a Rickettsiella Gammaproteobacteria in maternally transmitted in D. gallinae and universally present in D. gallinae mites collected at different sites throughout Europe. In addition, we report the genome sequence of uncultivable endosymbiont “Candidatus Rickettsiella rubrum” from D. gallinae eggs. The endosymbiont has a circular 1. 89 Mbp genome that encodes 1973 protein. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the placement R. rubrum within the Rickettsiella genus, closely related to a facultative endosymbiont from the pea aphid and Coxiella-like endosymbionts from blood feeding ticks. Analysis of the R. rubrum genome reveals many protein-coding sequences are either pseudogenized or lost, but R. rubrum has retained several B vitamin biosynthesis pathways, confirming the importance of these pathways in evolution of its nutritional symbiosis with D. gallinae. In silico metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that R. rubrum is unable to synthesise protein amino acids and therefore these nutrients are likely provisioned by the host. In contrast R. rubrum retains biosynthetic pathways for B vitamins: thiamine (vitamin B1) via the salvage pathway; riboflavin (vitamin B2) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the cofactors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and coenzyme A (CoA) that likely provision these nutrients to the host. We propose that bacterial symbionts which are essential to blood-feeding arthropod survival provide attractive targets for the development of novel control methods.

Symbiotic Bacteria in a Blood-sucking Insect, Rhodnius Prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera, Triatomidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. B. Wigglesworth
Keyword(s):  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Bacterial Organism ◽  
Symbiotic Organisms

A bacterial organism is described which occurs constantly in Rhodnius prolixus. It is present in the unfed newly hatched insect inside the cells at the cardiac end of the mid-gut. Some days after feeding, the bacteria are set free into the cavity of the gut and multiply in the undigested blood in the stomach. They are ultimately digested in the intestine.Morphologically they resemble diphtheroid bacilli in being highly pleomorphic and in giving rise to thread-like forms in old cultures.Preliminary experiments with Lucilia larvae by Dr R. P. Hobson, suggest that when blood is infected by this micro-organism it contains “vitamin B” and becomes an adequate diet for insect growth.These observations support the view that symbiotic organisms in exclusively blood-sucking insects provide an endogenous source of vitamin.

Stability and change in the inheritance of behaviour in rats: a further analysis of statistics from a diallel cross

1966 ◽  
Vol 165 (1001) ◽  
pp. 450-472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Open Field Defecation ◽  
Made In

Measurements made in the open-field test of the ambulation and defecation scores of rats from a 6 x 6 diallel cross were examined for their bearing on the interaction of genetic and environmental determinants of behaviour. The analyses, which were developed especially for this purpose, relate both to developmental stability and change in response to the test situation on 4 successive days. For the first, family variances were used as the variable, and for the second both polynomial components of regression of the individual daily scores as well as heirarchical analysis of variance. Otherwise standard biometrical genetical analyses were employed. The results indicate that, while the stability of open-field defecation and ambulation is influenced during development by genetical determinants largely relating to dominance, there is little evidence of interaction with environment during this time. The analyses of response to test experience, however, show complex relationships which, moreover, differ as between the two aspects of behaviour studied. Some speculations about the evolutionary significance of these results are offered.

scholarly journals The stability of a rising droplet: an inertialess non-modal growth mechanism

2015 ◽  
Vol 786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Gallino ◽  
Lailai Zhu ◽  
François Gallaire
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Basin Of Attraction ◽  
Boundary Integral ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Transient Growth ◽  
Critical Amplitude ◽  
Perturbation Amplitude ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Basin Of Attraction

Prior modal stability analysis (Kojimaet al.,Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, 1984, pp. 19–32) predicted that a rising or sedimenting droplet in a viscous fluid is stable in the presence of surface tension no matter how small, in contrast to experimental and numerical results. By performing a non-modal stability analysis, we demonstrate the potential for transient growth of the interfacial energy of a rising droplet in the limit of inertialess Stokes equations. The predicted critical capillary numbers for transient growth agree well with those for unstable shape evolution of droplets found in the direct numerical simulations of Koh & Leal (Phys. Fluids, vol. 1, 1989, pp. 1309–1313). Boundary integral simulations are used to delineate the critical amplitude of the most destabilizing perturbations. The critical amplitude is negatively correlated with the linear optimal energy growth, implying that the transient growth is responsible for reducing the necessary perturbation amplitude required to escape the basin of attraction of the spherical solution.

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