Sudden Cardiac Death and Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most commonly encountered valvular pathology seen in 2–3% of the general population. Though traditionally regarded as a benign pathology, recent literature suggests that sudden cardiac death is significantly more common in these patients with estimates of 0.2–0.4%/year. The exact underlying mechanism of these higher rates of SCD remain poorly understood. In this study, we aim to identify predictors of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in an adolescent population. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using the AHRQ-HCUP National Inpatient Sample 2016-2017 for the years 2016-17. All patients (≤18 years) admitted with Mitral valve prolapse were identified using ICD-10 codes and further sub stratified based on presence or absence of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Baseline characteristics were obtained and multivariate regression analysis was utilized to identify potential predictors of SCA. Independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality were identified using a proportional hazards model. Complications were defined as per the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality guideline. Results We screened a total of 71,473,874 admissions in the NIS database to identify a total of 1,372 adolescent patients admitted with MVP in the years 2016–17. These patients were then sub-categorized based on presence or absence of SCA during the hospitalization. Our findings revealed that patients with SCA were generally slightly older (15y vs 13y, p=0.036, OR-1.1, p=0.007) and more likely female (83.3% vs 13%, p=0.227, OR – 3.55, p=0.57)). Interestingly, patients in the SCA cohort were noted to have almost 4 fold higher rates of Mitral regurgitation (66.6% vs 18.35%, p=0.008, OR-8.89, p=0.005) as well as family history of SCD (16.7% vs 4.1%, p=0.145, OR-4.65, p=0.14). Conclusions Presence of Mitral regurgitation and a family history of sudden cardiac death are associated with significantly higher rates of SCA in adolescent patients with mitral valve prolapse. Predictors of SCA in Adolescent MVP Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

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Proposed Model/Framework to Avoid Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) and Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) at Early Stage

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing - Soft Computing: Theories and Applications ◽

10.1007/978-981-15-0751-9_63 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 683-694

Author(s):

Anurag Bhatt ◽

Sanjay Kumar Dubey ◽

Ashutosh Kumar Bhatt

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Early Stage ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Model Framework ◽

Proposed Model

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Effect of Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Viral Load on Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The American Journal of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.12.036 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 113 (7) ◽

pp. 1260-1265 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brian S. Moyers ◽

Eric A. Secemsky ◽

Eric Vittinghoff ◽

Joseph K. Wong ◽

Diane V. Havlir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Left Ventricular Dysfunction ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Ventricular Dysfunction ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Delayed occurrence of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm with alternating bundle branch block after myocardial infarction as predictor of sudden cardiac arrest: a case report

European Heart Journal - Case Reports ◽

10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa378 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Markus Bettin ◽

Matthias Koopmann ◽

Gerold Mönnig ◽

Christian Pott

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Pacemaker Implantation ◽

Permanent Pacemaker ◽

Bundle Branch Block ◽

Permanent Pacemaker Implantation ◽

Idioventricular Rhythm

Abstract Background Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is known as reperfusion arrhythmia in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In healthy individuals, it is usually considered to be benign. Alternating bundle branch block (ABBB) often progresses to complete atrioventricular block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. We report a case of delayed appearance of AIVR following myocardial infarction (MI) in combination with ABBB as precursor of sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Case summary A 62-year-old male with pre-existing left bundle branch block (LBBB) was admitted with an acute non-ST segment elevation MI. He underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a subtotal proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis. Before and after PCI the electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated sinus rhythm with LBBB. The patient was discharged 5 days after PCI, left ventricular function at this time was moderately reduced (ejection fraction of 40%). After another 5 days, the patient was admitted for elective cardiac rehabilitation. At this time, the ECG demonstrated an AIVR with right bundle branch block morphology. Due to ABBB, the patient was scheduled for permanent pacemaker implantation. Before pacemaker implantation could take place, the patient developed a sudden cardiac arrest due to VF and was successfully resuscitated. A follow-up coronary angiography revealed no novel lesions. A cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator was implanted for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Discussion Delayed occurrence of AIVR in combination with ABBB following AMI could be a predictor of sudden cardiac death. These patients are probably at high risk for malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

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Sudden cardiac death associated with cardiac catheterization in Williams syndrome: a case report and review of literature

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951119000295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 457-461

Author(s):

Samer Abu-Sultaneh ◽

Mercia J. Gondim ◽

Ryan D. Alexy ◽

Christopher W. Mastropietro

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Williams Syndrome ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Cardiac Catheterisation ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Therapeutic Procedures ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Cardiac Manifestations

AbstractWilliams syndrome is a rare genetic disease that affects elastin production, leading to medium and large vessel stenoses and other abnormalities. Cardiac manifestations of Williams syndrome are the most life-threatening, occurring in 80% of children. Children with Williams syndrome are known to be at risk for sudden cardiac death. These tragic events are often precipitated by diagnostic or therapeutic procedures requiring anaesthesia or sedation, such as cardiac catheterisation. We present the case of a 3-month-old infant with Williams syndrome who suffered sudden cardiac arrest during cardiac catheterisation and subsequent arrest approximately 48 hours after the procedure. We also review the current literature focused on children with Williams syndrome who have suffered sudden cardiac arrest during or after cardiac catheterisation procedures.

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Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death Registries: A Systematic Review of Global Coverage and Data capture Strategies

Heart Lung and Circulation ◽

10.1016/j.hlc.2019.06.357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. S288

Author(s):

E. Paratz ◽

L. Rowsell ◽

D. Zentner ◽

S. Parsons ◽

N. Morgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Data Capture ◽

Global Coverage

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PPA2-associated sudden cardiac death: extending the clinical and allelic spectrum in 20 new families

Genetics in Medicine ◽

10.1038/s41436-021-01296-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anne Guimier ◽

Melanie T. Achleitner ◽

Anne Moreau de Bellaing ◽

Matthew Edwards ◽

Loïc de Pontual ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Phenotypic Variability ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Inorganic Pyrophosphatase ◽

Novel Variants

Abstract Purpose Biallelic hypomorphic variants in PPA2, encoding the mitochondrial inorganic pyrophosphatase 2 protein, have been recently identified in individuals presenting with sudden cardiac death, occasionally triggered by alcohol intake or a viral infection. Here we report 20 new families harboring PPA2 variants. Methods Synthesis of clinical and molecular data concerning 34 individuals harboring five previously reported PPA2 variants and 12 novel variants, 11 of which were functionally characterized. Results Among the 34 individuals, only 6 remain alive. Twenty-three died before the age of 2 years while five died between 14 and 16 years. Within these 28 cases, 15 died of sudden cardiac arrest and 13 of acute heart failure. One case was diagnosed prenatally with cardiomyopathy. Four teenagers drank alcohol before sudden cardiac arrest. Progressive neurological signs were observed in 2/6 surviving individuals. For 11 variants, recombinant PPA2 enzyme activities were significantly decreased and sensitive to temperature, compared to wild-type PPA2 enzyme activity. Conclusion We expand the clinical and mutational spectrum associated with PPA2 dysfunction. Heart failure and sudden cardiac arrest occur at various ages with inter- and intrafamilial phenotypic variability, and presentation can include progressive neurological disease. Alcohol intake can trigger cardiac arrest and should be strictly avoided.

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