Qualitative Risk Analysis of the Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 through Manure Trade in Côte d'Ivoire

The contamination with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses occurs via the digestive tract following the ingestion of water or food contaminated with droppings of asymptomatic carriers or sick birds. Regarding the local practice of the use of poultry manure as an agricultural fertilizer, this study focuses on the risk of spread of the HPAI through the manure trade pathway in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, epidemiological data and 96 poultry droppings samples were collected from 18 farms. The droppings samples were tested using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The qualitative risk assessment (QRA) took into account event patterns by integrating all the pathways involved in the spread of HPAI. From the diagnostic test, all the 96 samples tested negative. Further investigations revealed that 74% of the Agnibilékrou farms experienced HPAI outbreaks in the past two years. The main risk factors identified were the movement of people, animals and fomites from one infected area to another. Additionally, the duration of storage of droppings and the distance between stockpiles and farms were potential risk factors. The QRA identified two levels of risk: moderate to high (60%) and low to negligible (40%). The estimated high risk occurs when the dropping is fresh and is low after an optimal period of storage. It is therefore necessary to make storage systematic and mandatory as a measure of treatment before the adoption of other complex measures such as composting and industrial processing.

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Spatial Distribution and Risk Factors of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1001308 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. e1001308 ◽

Cited By ~ 127

Author(s):

Vincent Martin ◽

Dirk U. Pfeiffer ◽

Xiaoyan Zhou ◽

Xiangming Xiao ◽

Diann J. Prosser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1

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Risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infection in backyard chicken farms, Thailand

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 118 (3) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Mathilde Paul ◽

Sirichai Wongnarkpet ◽

Patrick Gasqui ◽

Chaithep Poolkhet ◽

Sukanya Thongratsakul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

H5n1 Infection ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Backyard Chicken

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13020212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 212

Author(s):

Josanne H. Verhagen ◽

Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽

Nicola Lewis

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Future Directions ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Domestic Bird ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

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Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Turkey Herpes Virus (rHVT-H5) and Inactivated H5N1 Vaccines in Commercial Mulard Ducks against the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Clade 2.2.1 Virus

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0156747 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e0156747 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walid H. Kilany ◽

Marwa Safwat ◽

Samy M. Mohammed ◽

Abdullah Salim ◽

Folorunso Oludayo Fasina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Herpes Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Herpès Virus

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Prevalence, Risk Factors and Morbidity Profile of Schistosoma Infection Among Adults in the Taabo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, South-central Côte d’Ivoire

10.21203/rs.3.rs-951392/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fidèle K. Bassa ◽

Ikenna C. Eze ◽

Rufin K. Assaré ◽

Clémence Essé ◽

Siaka Koné ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cote D'ivoire ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Côte D’Ivoire ◽

Demographic Surveillance System ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Health Examination ◽

Cote D’Ivoire ◽

South Central ◽

Côte D'ivoire

Abstract Background: Schistosomiasis remains an important public health issue among adults and infected individuals not treated serve as a reservoir of the parasite. Despite this fact, evidence on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in adults in Côte d’Ivoire is scanty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system in the south-central part of Côte d’Ivoire.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in April and May 2017 in the frame of the “Côte d’Ivoire Dual Burden of Disease Study” (CoDuBu). A total of 901 randomly selected individuals, aged 18-90 years, provided blood, stool and urine samples for the diagnosis of malaria and helminth infections. With an emphasis on schistosomiasis, stool samples were subjected to the Kato-Katz technique for detection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs, while urine samples were examined for eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and circulating cathodic antigen of S. mansoni. Risk factors and morbidity profiles were assessed using health examination and questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regressions were employed to identify independent risk factors and morbidity patterns associated with S. mansoni mono- and co-infections.Results: The prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 23.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Most S. mansoni were mono-infections (81.3%). Independent determinants of S. mansoni infection were young age, low socioeconomic status (mono- and co-infection) and poor hygiene practices (co-infection). S. mansoni infection was independently associated with higher pain and symptom scores (mono-infection), poor self-rated health and low healthcare use (co-infection).Conclusions: This study showed that adults represent a substantial reservoir of S. mansoni. To sustain schistosomiasis control and improve people’s wellbeing, it is important to expand preventive chemotherapy from school-aged children to adults, coupled with hygiene and health education.

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Spatial risk factors of the 2016 to 2018 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemics in the Republic of Korea

Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.13041/jpvm.2020.44.4.186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 186-192

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Spatial Risk ◽

The Republic

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Proteomics Analysis of Differential Expression of Lung Proteins In Response To Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection In Chicken

10.21203/rs.3.rs-573195/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Periyasamy Vijayakumar ◽

Ashwin Ashok Raut ◽

Santhalembi Chingtham ◽

Harshad V Murugkar ◽

Diwakar D. Kulkarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Hpai H5n1

Abstract Elucidation of molecular pathogenesis underlying virus-host interaction is important for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in chicken. However, chicken HPAI viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. To elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host proteins associated with influenza pathogenesis, we characterized the lung proteome of chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala). The chicken mass spectra data sets comprised1, 47, 451 MS scans and 19, 917 MS/MS scans. At local FDR 5% level, we identified total 3313 chicken proteins with presence of at least one unique peptide. At 12 hrs, 247 proteins are downregulated while 1754 proteins are downregulated at 48 hrs indicating that the host has succumbed to infection. There is expression of proteins of the predominant signaling pathways, such as TLR, RLR, NLR and JAK-STAT signaling. Activation of these pathways is associated with cytokine storm effect and thus may be the cause of severity of HPAI H5N1 infection in chicken. Further we identified proteins like MyD88, IKBKB, IRAK4, RELA, and MAVS involved in the critical signaling pathways and some other novel proteins (HNF4A, ELAVL1, FN1, COPS5, CUL1, BRCA1 and FYN) as main hub proteins that might play important roles in influenza pathogenesis in chicken. Taken together, we characterized the signaling pathways and the proteomic determinants responsible for disease pathogenesis in chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus.

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