Spatial Distribution and Risk Factors of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China

The contamination with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses occurs via the digestive tract following the ingestion of water or food contaminated with droppings of asymptomatic carriers or sick birds. Regarding the local practice of the use of poultry manure as an agricultural fertilizer, this study focuses on the risk of spread of the HPAI through the manure trade pathway in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, epidemiological data and 96 poultry droppings samples were collected from 18 farms. The droppings samples were tested using the real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The qualitative risk assessment (QRA) took into account event patterns by integrating all the pathways involved in the spread of HPAI. From the diagnostic test, all the 96 samples tested negative. Further investigations revealed that 74% of the Agnibilékrou farms experienced HPAI outbreaks in the past two years. The main risk factors identified were the movement of people, animals and fomites from one infected area to another. Additionally, the duration of storage of droppings and the distance between stockpiles and farms were potential risk factors. The QRA identified two levels of risk: moderate to high (60%) and low to negligible (40%). The estimated high risk occurs when the dropping is fresh and is low after an optimal period of storage. It is therefore necessary to make storage systematic and mandatory as a measure of treatment before the adoption of other complex measures such as composting and industrial processing.

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Risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infection in backyard chicken farms, Thailand

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 118 (3) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Mathilde Paul ◽

Sirichai Wongnarkpet ◽

Patrick Gasqui ◽

Chaithep Poolkhet ◽

Sukanya Thongratsakul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

H5n1 Infection ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Backyard Chicken

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13020212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 212

Author(s):

Josanne H. Verhagen ◽

Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽

Nicola Lewis

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Future Directions ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Domestic Bird ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

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Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Turkey Herpes Virus (rHVT-H5) and Inactivated H5N1 Vaccines in Commercial Mulard Ducks against the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Clade 2.2.1 Virus

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0156747 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e0156747 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Walid H. Kilany ◽

Marwa Safwat ◽

Samy M. Mohammed ◽

Abdullah Salim ◽

Folorunso Oludayo Fasina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Herpes Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Protective Efficacy ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Herpès Virus

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Spatial risk factors of the 2016 to 2018 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemics in the Republic of Korea

Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.13041/jpvm.2020.44.4.186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 186-192

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Spatial Risk ◽

The Republic

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Proteomics Analysis of Differential Expression of Lung Proteins In Response To Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection In Chicken

10.21203/rs.3.rs-573195/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Periyasamy Vijayakumar ◽

Ashwin Ashok Raut ◽

Santhalembi Chingtham ◽

Harshad V Murugkar ◽

Diwakar D. Kulkarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Hpai H5n1

Abstract Elucidation of molecular pathogenesis underlying virus-host interaction is important for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in chicken. However, chicken HPAI viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. To elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host proteins associated with influenza pathogenesis, we characterized the lung proteome of chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala). The chicken mass spectra data sets comprised1, 47, 451 MS scans and 19, 917 MS/MS scans. At local FDR 5% level, we identified total 3313 chicken proteins with presence of at least one unique peptide. At 12 hrs, 247 proteins are downregulated while 1754 proteins are downregulated at 48 hrs indicating that the host has succumbed to infection. There is expression of proteins of the predominant signaling pathways, such as TLR, RLR, NLR and JAK-STAT signaling. Activation of these pathways is associated with cytokine storm effect and thus may be the cause of severity of HPAI H5N1 infection in chicken. Further we identified proteins like MyD88, IKBKB, IRAK4, RELA, and MAVS involved in the critical signaling pathways and some other novel proteins (HNF4A, ELAVL1, FN1, COPS5, CUL1, BRCA1 and FYN) as main hub proteins that might play important roles in influenza pathogenesis in chicken. Taken together, we characterized the signaling pathways and the proteomic determinants responsible for disease pathogenesis in chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus.

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Risk Factors, Threats And Prevention Of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) In African Countries

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ◽

10.4314/ajcem.v10i2.7512 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

OI Musa ◽

AG Salaudeen ◽

AA Akanbi ◽

OA Bolarinwa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

African Countries ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed4040138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 138 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chowdhury ◽

Hossain ◽

Ghosh ◽

Hossain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

South Asia ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Winter Season ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

World Health ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28–6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99–4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.

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Agro-ecological features of the introduction and spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in northern Nigeria

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2008.227 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Giuliano Cecchi ◽

Albert Ilemobade ◽

Yvon Le Brun ◽

Lenny Hogerwerf ◽

Jan Slingenbergh

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Ecological Features ◽

Hpai H5n1

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Landscape Suitability Varies by Wetland Habitats and the Degree of Interface between Wild Waterfowl and Poultry in India

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12111290 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1290

Author(s):

Michael G. Walsh ◽

Siobhan M. Mor ◽

Shah Hossain

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Animal Health ◽

Local Scale ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Wetland Habitat ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Landscape Suitability ◽

Wild Waterfowl

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N1, constitutes one of the world’s most important health and economic concerns given the catastrophic impact of epizootics on the poultry industry, the high mortality attending spillover in humans, and its potential as a source subtype for a future pandemic. Nevertheless, we still lack an adequate understanding of HPAI H5N1 epidemiology and infection ecology. The nature of the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, and the sharing of diverse wetland habitat among these birds, currently underscore important knowledge gaps. India has emerged as a global hotspot for HPAI H5N1, while also providing critical wintering habitat for many species of migratory waterfowl and year-round habitat for several resident waterfowl species. The current study sought to examine the extent to which the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, varied wetland habitat, and climate influence HPAI H5N1 epizootics in poultry in India. Using World Organisation for Animal Health reported outbreaks, this study showed that the wild waterfowl–poultry interface and lacustrine, riparian, and coastal marsh wetland systems were strongly associated with landscape suitability, and these relationships varied by scale. Although increasing poultry density was associated with increasing risk, this was only the case in the absence of wild waterfowl habitat, and only at a local scale. In landscapes increasingly shared between wild waterfowl and poultry, suitability was greater among lower density poultry, again at a local scale only. These findings provide further insight into the occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in India and suggest important landscape targets for blocking the waterfowl–poultry interface to interrupt virus transmission and prevent future outbreaks.

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