scholarly journals Herbology, Antibacterial and Antihaemorrhagic Effect of Allium sativum Linn (Lilliaceae) Extracts against Bacterial Meningitis Pathogens

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Kokori Bajeh Tijani ◽  
Abdullahi Attah Alfa ◽  
O. D. Omotoso ◽  
Yahaya Junaidu ◽  
Umar Sabdat Unoyiza
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Bacterial Meningitis pathogen (BMP) causes cellular hemorrhagic sepsis, metabolic, endocrine and neurologic disorders in human systems. This burden of the disease is highest in the developing countries and especially in the immunity compromised rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The A. sativum bulb extracts (JEAS, EEAS and AEAS) contain valuable pharmacologically active principles for antihaemorrhagic and antibacterial properties against bacterial meningitis pathogens. It extracts were evaluated in Wistar rats to provide scientific basis for ethnomedicinal uses. The phytochemical screening was conducted using standard method prescribed. Anti-haemorrhagic activity was evaluated using sterilized blade lancet to cut 2mm long and 2mm deep in the rat groin model. The coagulative effects of time were significantly at P<0.05 reduced by the bulb extracts applied as compared to that of the control. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and tannins. The result of this study revealed that A. sativum bulb extracts possessed good secondary metabolites with bioactive principles, biological and pharmacological functions. This provide scientific basis for the plant in the management of haemorrhagic sepsis and infectious disease.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Death and Severe Neurological Sequelae in Childhood Bacterial Meningitis in Sub‐Saharan Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Pelkonen ◽  
Irmeli Roine ◽  
Lurdes Monteiro ◽  
Margarida Correia ◽  
Anne Pitkäranta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Sub Saharan

Diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in children at a district hospital in sub-Saharan Africa

The Lancet ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 357 (9270) ◽  
pp. 1753-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Berkley ◽  
Isiah Mwangi ◽  
Caroline J Ngetsa ◽  
Salim Mwarumba ◽  
Brett S Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Meningitis In Children

scholarly journals Bacterial Meningitis Epidemiology in Five Countries in the Meningitis Belt of Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S165-S174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi M Soeters ◽  
Alpha Oumar Diallo ◽  
Brice W Bicaba ◽  
Goumbi Kadadé ◽  
Assétou Y Dembélé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Meningitis Belt ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Case Based

Abstract Background The MenAfriNet Consortium supports strategic implementation of case-based meningitis surveillance in key high-risk countries of the African meningitis belt: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, and Togo. We describe bacterial meningitis epidemiology in these 5 countries in 2015–2017. Methods Case-based meningitis surveillance collects case-level demographic and clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory results. Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae cases were confirmed and N. meningitidis/H. influenzae were serogrouped/serotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction, culture, or latex agglutination. We calculated annual incidence in participating districts in each country in cases/100 000 population. Results From 2015–2017, 18 262 suspected meningitis cases were reported; 92% had a CSF specimen available, of which 26% were confirmed as N. meningitidis (n = 2433; 56%), S. pneumoniae (n = 1758; 40%), or H. influenzae (n = 180; 4%). Average annual incidences for N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae, respectively, were 7.5, 2.5, and 0.3. N. meningitidis incidence was 1.5 in Burkina Faso, 2.7 in Chad, 0.4 in Mali, 14.7 in Niger, and 12.5 in Togo. Several outbreaks occurred: NmC in Niger in 2015–2017, NmC in Mali in 2016, and NmW in Togo in 2016–2017. Of N. meningitidis cases, 53% were NmC, 30% NmW, and 13% NmX. Five NmA cases were reported (Burkina Faso, 2015). NmX increased from 0.6% of N. meningitidis cases in 2015 to 27% in 2017. Conclusions Although bacterial meningitis epidemiology varied widely by country, NmC and NmW caused several outbreaks, NmX increased although was not associated with outbreaks, and overall NmA incidence remained low. An effective low-cost multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine could help further control meningococcal meningitis in the region.

scholarly journals Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Tulbaghia violacea

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lerato Nellvecia Madike ◽  
Samkeliso Takaidza ◽  
Michael Pillay
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
African Traditional Medicine ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Pharmacologically Active Compounds ◽  
Different Parts

Tulbaghia violacea has been used extensively in South African traditional medicine for treatment of a number of ailments. Few studies have examined the bioactive compounds present in the plant. This study assessed the phytochemicals present in the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea. The phytochemicals were extracted separately with distilled water and 70% ethanol by maceration. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and coumarins were present in some of the T. violacea plant parts. However, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and anthocyanins were absent in the plant. This study showed that most of the phytocompounds were present in the leaves of T. violacea compared to the stem and roots. This is significant for conserving the species since the leaves of the plant can be harvested for medicinal use while the rest of the plant is left intact for regeneration of the plant. This study also showed that the two solvents extracted different amounts and types of phytochemicals from the different parts of the plant suggesting that a single solvent may not be able to extract all the known bioactive compounds from a plant.

scholarly journals Rapid diagnostic tests for bacterial meningitis applicable in sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D Waite ◽  
Lilanganee Telisinghe ◽  
Maya Gobin ◽  
Olivier Ronveaux ◽  
Ana-Katya Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling of Bacterial Meningitis Transmission Dynamics with Control Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kiddy K. Asamoah ◽  
Farai Nyabadza ◽  
Baba Seidu ◽  
Mehar Chand ◽  
Hemen Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Globally Asymptotically Stable ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Set Up

Vaccination and treatment are the most effective ways of controlling the transmission of most infectious diseases. While vaccination helps susceptible individuals to build either a long-term immunity or short-term immunity, treatment reduces the number of disease-induced deaths and the number of infectious individuals in a community/nation. In this paper, a nonlinear deterministic model with time-dependent controls has been proposed to describe the dynamics of bacterial meningitis in a population. The model is shown to exhibit a unique globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium E0, when the effective reproduction number RVT≤1, and a globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium E1, when RVT>1; and it exhibits a transcritical bifurcation at RVT=1. Carriers have been shown (by Tornado plot) to have a higher chance of spreading the infection than those with clinical symptoms who will sometimes be bound to bed during the acute phase of the infection. In order to find the best strategy for minimizing the number of carriers and ill individuals and the cost of control implementation, an optimal control problem is set up by defining a Lagrangian function L to be minimized subject to the proposed model. Numerical simulation of the optimal problem demonstrates that the best strategy to control bacterial meningitis is to combine vaccination with other interventions (such as treatment and public health education). Additionally, this research suggests that stakeholders should press hard for the production of existing/new vaccines and antibiotics and their disbursement to areas that are most affected by bacterial meningitis, especially Sub-Saharan Africa; furthermore, individuals who live in communities where the environment is relatively warm (hot/moisture) are advised to go for vaccination against bacterial meningitis.

Pre-hospital oily chloramphenicol treatment in meningitis outbreaks in low resources environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-331
Author(s):  
Enrico Rino Bregani ◽  
Matilde Conti ◽  
Caterina Valcarenghi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Hospital Referral ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Pre Treatment

Bacterial meningitis is an important cause of death and disability in sub-Saharan Africa and, with pre-treatment in peripheral health centres, the poorest populations could avoid early death, especially if they live far from hospital. During the 2001 meningitis epidemic in south Chad, Moyen Chari sanitary district peripheral health centres were equipped with oily chloramphenicol (CAP) to administer before hospital referral in suspected cases of meningitis. Eighty-six patients treated with CAP in whom the diagnosis was definitively confirmed subsequently in hospital were compared with patients receiving CAP at hospital admission during the same period. A statistically significant reduction in lethality rate, need of second line treatment or adjunctive antibiotics, and mean hospital stay were confirmed in pre-treated patients.

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