Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of niosomal gel of gatifloxacin

A novel drug delivery system provides the delivery of drugs at a required rate into the body during the period of treatment as directed by the body. Formulation and evaluation of Noisome containing gatifloxacin using different concentrations of the polymer for controlled release. Pre-formulation study confirms the purity of the drug and compatibility of the drug with excipients using FT-IR. Tween 80 was found significant with the experimental results. An extensive investigation is needed concerning the depth of penetration into the skin, determination of zeta potential, and confirmation of configuration of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer. A significant loss of entrapped drug was found at the end of three month period when liposomal dispersions were stored at high temperature i.e. 25±20C. All gels were found under pH range 7.0 to 7.4, Spreadability under the range 6.6 to 7.6 cm, % drug content 98 to 100%, the viscosity of gels 98 to 115cp, and % permeation found in rage 75 to 91%. Excellent % Permeation Gel formulation GF-4 was found 91%. The drug release at raised temperatures may be associated with the lipid degradation in the bilayers results in membrane packing defects them leaky.

Effect of Different Firing Temperature on Thermal Conductivity of Ceramic Tiles

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different firing temperature on thermal conductivity of ceramic tiles. The body formulation powders of ceramic tiles were made according to the formulation given by company and compacted at 18 MPa using pressing machine in order to obtain button shape specimen with 50 mm diameter. The button shape specimen was fired at different firing temperature which 1150°C, 1175°C, 1200°C and 1225°C. Then, the thermal conductivity of fired specimens was measured by using Hot-Disk Thermal Constant Analyzer. Thermal conductivity result shows that the ceramic tile body fired at 1150 °C producing the lowest thermal conductivity values (0.97 W/mK) in comparison with other specimens. This low thermal conductivity performance is due to the high porosity value in the specimen as a result of more trapped air and implies delaying the heat transfer either inward or outward from the ceramic tiles. Therefore, this study proved that by altering firing temperature, different thermal conductivity values of ceramic tiles were obtained.

Six-Bar Linkages With Compliant Mechanisms for an Adaptive Robot

Programmable structures are formed by autonomous and adaptive triangular cells. However, they are composed of a large number of parts, specifically bearings, which make them laborious to manufacture and expensive. An essential part of these programmable structures are six-bar linkages, which allow to build cells that can preserve the underlying geometry of a triangular mesh. A major improvement, which is the main part of this paper, is to replace the joints of the six-bar-linkage by a compliant mechanism, which allows to manufacture them as one 3D printable part. A multibody system formulation is setup with the model of the compliant mechanisms, treating every joint either ideal or compliant with the given stiffness parameters. The multi-body formulation furthermore allows to include friction as well as an actuator model in a straight-forward manner. The overall stiffness parameter of the real system is then identified from a comparison with an experimental setup of a real compliant triangular cell. Finally, the model is used to show the deviations of a medium-scaled programmable structure with respect to the idealized behavior. The present paper marks a relevant step towards the realization of larger programmable structures as well as the development of 3D programmable structures.

Dynamic Analysis of an Array of Connected Floating Breakwaters

In this paper, a model for dynamic analysis of array of floating breakwaters is developed and tested. Special attention is given to modeling connections between neighboring elements of the array. A linear three-dimensional floating multi-body formulation is used as a foundation for the presented model. An additional stiffness matrix is derived which introduces the influence of the connections onto motion of the array. The stiffness matrix is used to couple motions in vertical and horizontal planes i.e. the connections are modeled in three-dimensions. The equation of motion is solved in the frequency domain. The newly developed model is tested on an array of three connected breakwaters. The motion and the performance of the breakwater array are investigated under different significant heights and directions of the incoming waves.

A Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of an Ideal Anguilliform Swimming Motion

Researchers have been studying swimming motions of various fishes for numerous years. The scope of the current work is to validate the results of an ideal anguilliform swimming motion developed by Vorus and Taravella (2011) by modeling the motion in a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The ideal swimming motion developed by Vorus and Taravella (2011) shows that thrust can be generated by an anguilliform swimmer without producing wake-induced drag. In the current work, ANSYS Fluent was used to discretize and solve Euler's equation and the continuity conservation. The results for fluid velocity on the body of the anguilliform show an average agreement within ±3% to the potential flow slender body formulation of Vorus and Taravella (2011). There is also no induced circulation in the wake of the anguilliform in the CFD solution, which confirms the absence of wake-induced drag. The results suggest that it is plausible for an undulating body to produce thrust that is purely inertial and is produced by body accelerations acting through hydrodynamic added mass.