Exceeding Limitations: Ultrasonic Crack Inspections Become Feasible for Liquid Natural Gases

Ultrasonic crack inspection services have become a standard solution for pipeline integrity programs, especially for liquid pipelines. ILI tools provide reliable and accurate data for assessment of axial and circumferential cracking defects to derive educated decisions on the integrity and maintenance of the asset. This technology inspects common media such as crude and light oils, water, diesel, benzene, or similar. Running tools in mediums used for commercial operations does not affect the throughput of the line. Crude and light oils, water, diesel, benzene etc. have relatively constant ultrasonic characteristics with varying pressures and temperatures and are very suitable for ultrasonic inspections, therefore called common media within the context of this paper. If the medium in the pipeline does not fall within the common media, the situation changes. These media are called challenges media. Especially for liquefied natural gases (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) where temperature and pressure have a significant impact on the ultrasonic characteristics of speed of sound, density, and attenuation. LNGs and LPGs typically contain high amounts of propane, butane, and some other higher order alkanes. Due to the high variability of these components to external boundary conditions, inline inspections in these type of pipelines are usually performed by replacing the medium with a more feasible one, e.g. water or diesel. This causes significant impact to productivity and throughput and increases costs and efforts. The authors will present the work performed to overcome and solve this workaround and run an ultrasonic crack inspection tool in LNG. This paper highlights the challenging aspects considered to successfully perform inline inspections in LNGs. We will present a standardized and systematic approach to overcome limitations of the technology in such media. Starting with the challenges and ideas for enhancement of the service, the paper will discuss the design of the experiment, the experiment itself, the results, and present the conclusions that resulted in the tool development and the analysis procedure. Finally, the authors will present the application of the enhanced service in a customer pipeline, including ILI preparation, execution, analysis, and in-the-ditch verifications. The structured and systematic approach allows the inspection company to perform successful and reliable crack detection inspections in LNG lines. This includes axial and circumferential cracking threats.

The program piano cycle O. Gerasymenko "The Light of Awakened Dreams" from the standpoint of mastering polystylistic synthesis and sound terrain

Oksana Gerasymenko's Piano Cycle "The Light of Awakened Dreams" is considered as a promising educational material in classes on a specialized piano for the use of both individual plays and a cycle in general for the formation of a significant body of performing skills and techniques. It reflects the richness of stylistic tendencies and polytheisticism, inherent in its individual composer style. The cycle of O. Gerasymenko makes it possible to comprehend the richness of syntheses of genre features of the academic and pop-jazz spheres, the clarity of structures and free open forms, the clear separation of the functions of textural layers, and the constant change in sound density and relief, extended tone, modality and sinoric. The didactic tasks in the work include the metro-rhythmic, the positional difficulties, the problems of sound formation, the ratio of sound reliefs and background-sono-rous sounds, the aspects of pedaling, the achievement of the integrity of the melodic line, set out by interval duplications, timely poly-instrumental weights (flutes, harps, etc.), the feeling of drama of the deployment of the form without solving these accomplishments impossible to comprehend the artistic whole, defined by the author's program. Positive didactic qualities of the cycle are determined by the synthesis of concert and teaching activities, composer professionalism, consistent work on the repertoire of the ensembles and pedagogical needs.