Understanding psychosis: diagnosis and clinical presentation (updates for clinicians)

Psychosis is understood as the brightest manifestations of mental illness, in which the patient's mental activity does not correspond to the surrounding reality, the reflection of the real world in consciousness is sharply distorted, which manifests itself in behavioral disorders, abnormal pathological symptoms and syndromes. Psychosis is a combination of biological (genetic, neuroanatomical, neurophysiological), psychological and social factors in various proportions. Psychoses are classified according to their origin (etiology) and reasons (pathogenetic mechanisms of development) into endogenous (including endogenous psychoses include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, some psychotic forms of affective disorders), organic, somatogenic, psychogenic (reactive, situational), intoxication, withdrawal and post-withdrawal. Most often, psychoses develop in the framework of so-called endogenous disorder. The concepts of psychosis and schizophrenia are often equated, which is incorrect as psychotic disorders can occur in a number of mental illnesses: Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia, chronic alcoholism, drug addiction, epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, etc. Other types of psychosis, such as infectious, somatic and intoxication psychoses are quite often find among patients in non-psychiatric practices. This review article is a good educational material for medical and psychological practitioners whose goal is to improve knowledge and diagnostic processes of psychosis and its related disorders.

Distance education: the concept....Quality

The idea of distance learning is based on delivering the educational material to the learner through various means or methods of technical communication; the learner is separated from the teacher or the person conducting the process. In principle, distance education is based on not requiring the simultaneous presence of the learner with the teacher in the same location

Quality-Based Evaluation of Patient-Facing Online Education Materials Regarding Facial Filler Procedures

Injectable facial fillers have become tremendously more popular in recent years, and the Internet offers a proportional amount of consumer-facing educational material. This study sought to explore the quality of these online materials. The top 20 Web sites offering educational materials about facial filler were identified via Google search and sorted by source: Medical Professional Boards, Hospitals and Providers, Medical News and Reference, and Fashion. The materials were assessed for overall quality with the validated DISCERN instrument. The authors also assessed understandability and actionability (Patient Education Material Assessment Tool - PEMAT), accuracy, comprehensiveness, and readability (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease). The mean DISCERN score was 46.9 ± 7.6, which is considered “fair” quality educational material; above “poor,” but below “good” and “excellent.” Understandability and actionability scores were low, particularly with respect to visual aids. The materials were generally accurate (76–99%), but scored poorly in comprehensiveness, as 15% failed to mention any risks/adverse effects and only 35% mentioned cost. On average, readability was at an 11th grade level, far more complex than ideal (< 6th grade level). Information disseminated from seemingly reputable sources such as professional boards and hospitals/providers were not of higher quality or superior in any of the above studied domains. In conclusion, online educational materials related to injectable facial fillers are of subpar quality, including those from academic and professional organizations. Visual aids were particularly weak. The facial rejuvenation community should make a concerted effort to set a higher standard for disseminating such information.

Mediatised human rights education: the (challenging) role of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

The purpose of this article is to analyse and discuss Selma and the Quest for the Perfect Faith, a TV series made by The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation and promoted for use in schools, and the accompanying teaching material about freedom of religion made by Save the Children. We discuss the series and material critically from a human rights and a human rights education perspective, and evaluate their suitability for use in religious education. The article is informed by mediatisation theory and argues that freedom of religion is primarily operationalised in accordance with journalistic criteria for presenting religion, and that it does not sufficiently balance the rights of children and the liberty of parents. This is inconsistent with sound human rights education and highlights the need for critical awareness when operationalising educational material produced and distributed by media actors for use in the classroom.

Patient Comprehension of Trigger Finger Concepts Based on Distribution Format: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Handout Versus Video

Background: Patient comprehension is an essential part of optimizing medical outcomes. It is unknown which format is most effective in delivering this information. In addition to a face-to-face conversation, a paper handout is often given as an educational supplement at the conclusion of a visit. Secondary to advances in technology and the ubiquity of the Internet, medical videos have gained popularity. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether the educational material format (paper handout vs video) resulted in a difference in either comprehension of the condition or satisfaction with the delivery of the information. Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of trigger finger were prospectively enrolled and randomized to receive either a paper handout or video link with information regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of trigger finger. Survey assessments were then distributed, consisting of 7 questions related to trigger finger and 1 question related to patient satisfaction. Continuous data were compared using 2-sample t tests, and categorical data were compared with χ2 tests. Alpha was 0.05. Results: Seventy-one patients were enrolled, and 60 completed their survey (response rate: 85%). The video group had significantly higher comprehension scores (82% vs 71%, P = .04) and significantly higher satisfaction scores (9.4 vs 8.6, P = .02). Conclusions: Those who received their educational material in a video format had greater comprehension of their condition and higher satisfaction compared with those receiving a paper handout. Medical providers should consider using video formats to provide supplemental educational materials to their patients.

Victor Reva creative activity in the context of the development of the musical culture of South-Eastern Ukraine of the end of the XX – the beginning of the XXI centuries

The purpose of the article is to analyze the creative activity of a member of the National Union of Composers of Ukraine, choral conductor, teacher Viktor Yakovlevich Reva. The methodology consists of the application of genre-style, structural-semantic, analytical and biographical methods for the analysis of the artist’s creative activity. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian art history, the compositional, scientific-pedagogical, and performing acts of V. Reva in the context of the development of musical culture of South-Eastern Ukraine of the end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century is analyzed. Conclusions. At the turn of the XX - XXI centuries. V. Reva’s creative activity enriched the musical culture of South-Eastern Ukraine. The composer’s works are included in the repertoire of creative groups and performers from Kyiv, Odessa, Mykolayiv, Zaporizhia and Donetsk regions, they are used not only as a concert, but also as educational material. The influence of both classical musical heritage and modern stylistic trends can be traced in V. Reva’s compositional work. The artist’s compositional work is genre-diverse, but the spread of his work and enrichment of knowledge about it is mainly due to the appeal to choral and vocal genres, which are a priority. Keywords: Victor Reva, composer, creative activity, musical culture of South-Eastern Ukraine

Questions of immunodiagnostics in the teaching of phthisiology for students of the pediatric faculty

The quality of training of medical specialists is laid down during training at a medical university, where basic knowledge and the ability to manipulate them are laid, and, on the basis of the acquired competencies, to form practical skills. The issues of tuberculosis infection occupy a significant part in the work of a pediatrician. First of all, these are the issues of screening the child population for tuberculosis, early detection and specific prevention of tuberculosis. For the effective preparation of students of the pediatric faculty, it is necessary to lay theoretical knowledge in the program, to form practical skills and abilities. Since the detection of tuberculosis patients is carried out in medical institutions of the general pediatric network, it is necessary to master professional competencies. The preparation of students within the framework of the basic specialty "phthisiology" has its own nuances due to the specifics of medical education, the diversity of tuberculosis infection, the peculiarities of the organization and provision of anti-tuberculosis care to the child population. Training in the specialty "phthisiology" requires a large amount of special knowledge, skills, improvement of the interdisciplinary approach, in accordance with the requirements of the federal state educational standard. The article provides an analysis of the ongoing training system for students of the pediatric institute in the online system, presents the experience of the department in teaching students during the period of distance education during the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The assessment of the results of practical training among 6th year students of the pediatric faculty (n = 123). It was revealed that it is not always possible to predict in advance the degree of understanding of the educational material, and even the depth of understanding the questions in the test problems. The use of scientific evidence-based statistical methods for evaluating test items helps in optimizing and objectifying knowledge control and understanding the educational material.

Formation of the ability of junior schoolchildren to work with schemes

Children come across sketches and technical drawings even in preschool age in the process of performing constructive and visual activities; they begin to get acquainted with schemes and drawings only at primary school age. It is therefore no coincidence that one of the tasks of teaching in primary school is the formation of sign and symbolic activity among students, which provides specific ways of transforming educational material and performs the following functions: coding — transmission and reception of information; schematization — the use of symbolic means to display educational material; modeling — highlighting and displaying essential features of an object by operating with symbolic means. The article analyzes the possibilities of forming in junior schoolchildren the ability to work with schemes in the process of teaching construction using the Cuboro constructor. The main studied concepts, stages of training and their content, skills are considered. The possibility of using the Cuboro Draw program in working with younger students is shown. The Cuboro Draw interface and the process of creating schemes in this program are described.

ŪLŪL ‘ILMI Generation as a Basis for Development of Islamic Educational Objectives

Education is a process of developing the potential that God has given to humans. In reality, the potential that God has given has not been able to be developed perfectly in the world of education. Low morale and spiritual awareness often mushroomed, which resulted in severe moral degradation. There is a need to embed the Islamic spirit into the system, concepts, and educational material so that education is no longer partial. The Koran provides comprehensive and integrative guidance for humans concerning education. The proof of the perfection of the Koran is illustrated by the concept of ūlūl ‘ilmi. In this study, researchers sought to explore and understand the concept of ūlūl ‘ilmi in the Koran by referring to tafsīr mu’tabaroħ. The purpose of this research is to formulate the generation of ūlūl ‘ilmi as the basis for developing the goals of Islamic education. This research used a qualitative approach through analytical methods. Based on the findings and analysis in this study, it was found that the generation of ūlūl ‘ilmi is someone who has knowledge based on reality, is broad-minded, his intelligence can reach makrifat, and his heart is united in monotheism because it has a level of khasyyah like the clerics (ulama). The ūlūl ‘ilmi generation has different characteristics from the others, which have the nuances of Ilāyyah, spiritual, and bathiniyyah. This characteristic covers six domains, namely cognitive domain, affective domain, psychomotor domain, social domain, ethical domain, and spiritual domain. Therefore, the development of Islamic education goals into a generation Ūlul Ilmi is expected to be able to develop quality human resources and become a superior generation of the nation's hopes in building the progress of Islamic civilization.