The role of father’s influence in the development of a young child. Developmental profit perspective

The considerations undertaken in this article, taking into account the broadly understood issues of fatherhood, serve to show the importance of father's influence in the development of a small child. They are accompanied by the assumption that engaged fatherhood (and this is the new fatherhood) is for many reasons beneficial, above all for a child, at any age, especially in early childhood (due to the intensity and scope of the ongoing developmental changes).

TRICHOBEZOARS IN CHILDREN ON THE EXAMPLE OF CLINICAL CASES

The formation of trichobezoars is a rareclinical condition that develops primarily as a result ofmental illness. Literature data indicate that trichobezoarsare most often found in children. The presence of a bezoarcan lead to serious complications such as erosion of thestomach lining, peptic ulcer disease, and even perforation ofthe stomach or small intestine. Treatment options for gastrictrichobezoars range from endoscopic removal, dissolution,and mechanical hydrojet crushing of small bezoars tosurgical removal of giant bezoars. The presented clinicalcases prove the danger caused by trichobezoar. Cases ofthe formation of a trichobezoar with a clinic of intestinalobstruction in an adolescent girl, and a trichobezoar ofthe blind end of the esophagus and a clinic of respiratoryfailure in a small child with a congenital malformation ofthe esophagus are described. This pathology can occur atany age, have an atypical clinical picture and, in case ofuntimely treatment, lead to tragic consequences. In addition,it is necessary to use a multidisciplinary approach to themandatory provision of psychological (or psychiatric) carefor children, to teach parents to take care of a child who isprone to trihotilomaniа and trichophagia.

Surgical considerations in paediatric kidney transplantation: an update

Background Kidney transplantation has established itself as the most appropriate mode of renal replacement therapy for the majority with end-stage kidney disease. Although at present this is applicable for children as well as adults, a few decades back kidney transplantation was not considered a first-line option in children. This was due to inferior outcomes following transplantation in this age group compared to that of adults. These poor results were attributed to challenges in paediatric transplantation such as the shortage of suitable donors, technical difficulties in performing a sound vascular anastomosis and the adverse effects of immunosuppressive medication on growth and development. However, current patient and graft-centred outcomes after paediatric transplantation equal or surpass that of adults. The advances in evaluation and management of specific surgical concerns in children who undergo transplantation, such as pre-transplant native nephrectomy, correction of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, placement of an adult-sized kidney in a small child and minimizing the risk of allograft thrombosis, have contributed immensely for these remarkable outcomes. Conclusions In this review, we aim to discuss surgical factors that can be considered unique for children undergoing kidney transplantation. We believe that an updated knowledge on these issues will be invaluable for transplant clinicians, who are dealing with paediatric kidney transplantation.

Pemberlakuan Diversi terhadap Anak di Pengadilan Negeri Jember dalam Perspektif UUPA dan Fiqh Jinayah

Children are an inseparable part of the sustainability of a nation and state. Therefore children need to receive protection from any social changes that significantly affect children's values, behavior, and development. Not infrequently, there are cases where a child commits a crime. The concept of restorative justice through diversion has a vital role in legal certainty and guarantee for children not only in the present but also in the future for the welfare of the child's life. This is in line with the Islamic Sharia, which views that small children do not have the ability to think perfectly in the actions they take. So in his motions, a small child cannot be punished like an adult who commits a crime or offense. Therefore, even in Islamic law, the perpetrators of child crimes also receive forgiveness with specified conditions and criteria. This research was conducted at the Jember District Court. Research shows that; The implementation of the application of the approach through the concept of restorative justice has been very effective in preventing bad possibilities that will happen to the child's future or psychological trauma to the child. However, this concept certainly still protects the interests and justice of victims. In the research on the implementation of the restorative justice concept that the writer did in the field, there were still several obstacles in terms of victim diversion agreement so that the case was continued to the criminal justice Criminal acts committed by children that can be resolved with diversion are criminal acts that carry a sentence of fewer than seven years and are not a repetition of the criminal act.