Design of Portable Conditioning Chamber with Peltier Element for Transfusion Blood Temperature

A research has been conducted on the design of conditioning chambers with Peltier elements aimed at controlling transfusion blood temperature and analyzing the control system that has been made. The working principle of the control system that is made is the temperature sensor will read the temperature in the chamber, if the temperature reads above 10 °C, the relay will light up and electricity will flow so that the Peltier cooler will work, if the temperature has reached 10 °C, then the relay will off and the electricity will stop to save energy. The relay will turn on again if the temperature rises above 10 °C. The results obtained from this experiment is the Peltier element can cool down for 30 minutes with variations in load 0 mL, 350 mL, 700 mL, 1050 mL, and 1400 mL in the temperature range of 2 °C to 10 °C.

Bal Arılarının Koşullu Şartlandırılmasında Kullanılan Doygun Atmosfer Spreyi ve Dokunma Yöntemlerinin Dil Çıkarma Refleksi (PER) Üzerine Etkileri

It has been done conditioning experience by observing proboscis eject reflections (PER) and sting ejections (SER) on honey bees. Today, many scientists have showed that honey bees can be used by conditioning for the determination of events such as narcotics, mines, diseases, magnetic fields in the experiment (test). Saturated atmosphere spray and touching methods have been mostly used for studying of proboscis eject reflections (PER). This study was done with different honey bee races and ecotypes and in this study, aromatic plant extract containing 50 cc of atmospheric scent were used for saturated atmosphere sprey's conditioning method. The worker bees in the conditioning chamber have been presented by injecting to head level from the 5 centimeter distance approximately in 3 seconds and then they have been rewarded with a syrup mixture of containing a split a (1/1 w/w) sugar and water. In the touching conditioning method, by the touching of worker – bee, antennas with a wooden toothpick dips to oil aromatic plant extract. A single toothpick has been used for every worker bee that has been recorded whether it has showed or not proboscis eject reflections (PER) by repeating tree times of these processes with a quarter breaks. In the experiment, it has been observed that all the races and ecotypes of honey bees used in the experiment have showed conditioning in both two methods in the statistical analysis of the recorded data. An important difference has been observed in the conditioning and remembering among the application methods. At the end of the experiment, it has been observed that touching application has more conditioning and remembering rates than saturated spray application in conditioning and remembering. In statistical meaning, these two applications have occurred in two different groups.

Properties of Empty Fruit Bunches Eco-Composite Boards from Elaeis guineesis

This studies investigated on the properties of eco-composite boards made from Elaeis guineesis empty fruit bunch. The empty fruit bunches (EFB) collected from a private Elaeis guineesis plantation in Selangor. The EFB refined using fiber cutter and particle crusher. Hardeners and wax added at 1% and 3% during the mixing process. Boards with densities of 700, 600 and 500 kg/m3produced using resin urea formaldehyde as the bonding agent at 10, 12 and 14%. The boards conditioned in a conditioning chamber set at 20±2°C and 65% relative humidity before undergoing subsequent testing. Preparation for boards and tests samples follows BS and EN Standards specifications. Maximum modulus of rupture (MOR) were 22.91 N/mm2and modulus of elasticity (MOE) 2059.56 N/mm2. The internal bonding recorded at 0.98 N/mm2, for the edge and face screw withdrawal were at 467.47 N/mm2 and 512.37 N/mm2 respectively. The boards with 700 kg/m3 density and 14% resin content met the required standard with good dimensional stability. In the thermogravimetric analysis the maximum rate of decomposition for the EFB boards occurred at 380.83°C. The board's overall properties are influence by the density and resin content applied.

Assessing the Suitability of Agro-Waste from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches as Quality Eco-Composite Boards

The properties of eco-composite boards from agro-waste of oil palm empty fruit bunches were studied. The oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) obtained from a private oil palm plantation. By using fibre cutter and particle crusher, these EFB refined. Hardeners and wax added at 1% and 3% during the mixing process. Boards with densities of 500, 600 and 700 kg/m3 produced using resin urea formaldehyde as the bonding agent at 10, 12 and 14%. The boards conditioned in a conditioning chamber set at 20±2 °C and 65% relative humidity before undergoing subsequent testing. The EN Standards specifications applied in the preparation of test samples and testing. Results showed the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) achieved in this study were 22.91 N/mm2 and 2059.56 N/mm2. The internal bonding was found to be at 0.98 N/mm2, and 467.47 N/mm2 and 512.37 N/mm2 respectively for the edge and face screw withdrawal. Boards with 700 kg/m3 density and 14% resin content met the requirement of standard specifications. Scanning electron microscopy machine used to study the resin-fibre bonding property. Resin and fibre in the board inspected carefully, and voids appeared at the cross-section of the board with density 500 kg/m3 at 10% resin suggesting moisture penetrated into the board via the open spaces and weakened the linkages existed, thus cause the board to have low properties. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates maximum rate of decomposition for the EFB boards occurred at 380.83 °C. This study shows that the board’s density and resin content applied influence on the board’s overall properties with boards produced at 700 kg/m3 density with 14% resin content showed excellent overall properties with good dimensional stability.

Absolute and relative sensitivity of the scotopic system of rat: Electroretinography and behavior

The goal of the present study was to relate the dark and light-adapted flash sensitivity of the scotopic threshold response (STR) and rod b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) to behaviorally measured rod increment threshold responses. Small amplitudes of the dark-adapted STR and b-wave, the latter after application of NMDA, were found to increase in proportion to flash intensity. The value obtained for the sensitivity of the b-wave would be expected if signals from rods were summed linearly by the rod bipolar cell. The sensitivity of the STR could not be accounted for in terms of rod signal convergence as the source of this ERG component is still unknown. Increment threshold responses of rats were measured behaviorally in an operant conditioning chamber. At absolute threshold, on average 1 in 2400 rods were activated by the test flash. Comparison of the adaptive effects of background lights on behaviorally measured scotopic sensitivity and rod ERG sensitivity suggest that the increment threshold sensitivity of rat is regulated at three different sites in the retina.