Empyema of Gall Bladder- Typhoid

Enteric fever involves reticuloendothelial system. Most common complications are intestinal perforation, hepatitis, encephalopathy and bleeding ileal ulcers. Apart from known complications we present an interesting case of middle aged female with uncontrolled diabetes presenting with empyema of gall bladder secondary to Salmonella typhi. Both blood and gallbladder tissue bacteriological cultures had Salmonella typhi confirming our diagnosis. It was noteworthy that empyema was found intraoperatively. Patient recovered after cholecystectomy and antibiotics. Considering this rare complication we advise Typhoid conjugate vaccine in tropical countries. This case report paves way to recognize this complication to watch for. Key words: Enteric fever, Empyema, complications, Typhoid vaccine, gall bladder.

Typhoid vaccines. Historical aspects of typhoid vaccine development, and currently available products

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is still extremely common in endemic low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Industrialised countries may also be affected by typhoid fever outbreaks due to booming international tourism, and natural disasters. Given S. Typhi progressive resistance to antibiotics, high epidemiological burden, and lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene in a number of regions, the introduction of new treatment protocols and the improvement of preventive vaccination are critical tasks in global healthcare. The aim of the study was to highlight the main historical aspects of the typhoid vaccine development, to summarise data on the licensed vaccines and promising approaches to the development of new typhoid vaccines. The paper describes the current epidemiological situation of typhoid fever globally and in the Russian Federation. It dwells upon the global experience in typhoid vaccine development from the production of an inactivated vaccine to the development of conjugated vaccines. The paper summarises data on Russian and foreign-made typhoid fever vaccines currently available in the global pharmaceutical market. It outlines the main trends in the development of vaccines against the disease caused by S. Typhi. The paper demonstrates the need for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines and development of new typhoid combination vaccines.

Exploration its Antioxidant and Immunogenic potential of protein: Calendula officinalis and Dianthus chinensis

Aim and objective: Pollen is reported in flowers and leaves of various medicinal plants and showed its beneficial effect on human health. The objective of our study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of flowers (Calendula officinalis and Dianthus chinensis) especially pollen protein and also determining its immunogenic effect against specific protein (typhoid vaccine) antigen in human whole blood samples. Methods: In this study, analytical studies were conducted for estimating the protein content using Lowry test and qualitatively determined through high performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC). In addition, immunological studies were also conducted using pollen protein for evaluating its antioxidant potential (using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical assay) and determined its immunogenic effect using typhoid vaccine antigen and determining its hemolytic effect in human whole blood samples. Results: This work demonstrated that pollen protein content (determined through lowry test) at higher concentrations exhibited a significant declining in antigen specific T cell proliferation using optimized dose of typhoid vaccine antigen in human whole blood samples. In addition, pollen protein showed antioxidant property as well and does not show any hemolytic effect. Conclusion: The current study showed that pollen protein from Calendula officinalis and Dianthus chinensis possesses antioxidant property and less immunogenic in terms of declining in antigen specific T cell proliferation rate.

Mandate and Supplication of Typhoid Vaccine in Pakistan

The article's abstract is not available.

In-Silico Approach in the Development of Salmonella Epitope Vaccine

In the case of infection control, one of our primary concerns is typhoid fever. According to WHO, typhoid prevalence in Indonesia is highly endemic. There is also the problem with the low efficacy of the available vaccine to prevent the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a highly effective typhoid vaccine. One of the phases in vaccine development is an exploratory phase, a research-intensive phase of the vaccine development process designed to identify natural or synthetic antigens that might help prevent or treat a disease through computer in silico prediction targets. The vaccines developed through epitope peptide are designed to be safer, more efficacious, and less expensive than traditional vaccines. A thorough understanding of the disease agent, particularly critical epitopes to induce the appropriate immunological reaction, is required to achieve these aims. Mapping epitope sequences or antigenic peptides from pathogenic proteins recognized by B cells and T cells is crucial for vaccine development. Once the epitopes were identified, the polypeptide production could be produced through protein recombinant technology. The polypeptide vaccine, in the end, could be delivered using a liposomal delivery system.