Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: Transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Background：Metamorphosis remains one of the most complicated and poorly understood processes in insects. This is particularly so for the very dynamic transformations that take place within the pupal sheath of holometabolous insects. Only few studies address these transformations especially with regard to cranial structures of those holometabolous species where the larval and adult forms have a similar diet. It thus remains unclear to what extent the internal structures undergo histolysis and rebuilding. Here, the development of the brain and skeleto-muscular system of the head of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838) is studied. This species is a predator of aphids in the larval and adult stage.Results：We used micro-computed-tomography (µ-CT) to study the transformations of the larval, prepupal and pupal head within the cocoon. We first assessed the morphological differences and similarities between the stages. We then determined the point in time when the compound eyes appear and describe the re-orientation of the head capsule which transforms the prognathous larva into a hypognathous adult. The internal head muscles are distinctly more slender in larvae than adults. In addition, the adults have a significantly larger brain which is likely needed for the processing of the signals obtained by the adults’ vastly expanded sensory organs that are presumably needed for dispersal and mating. Our study shows that the histolysis and modification of the inner muscles and skeletal elements take place within the prepupa. The central nervous system persists throughout metamorphosis but its morphology changes significantly. Conclusion：Our study reveals that not only the inner structures, but also the outer morphology continues to change after the final larval moult. The adult cuticle and internal structures form gradually within the cocoon. The histolysis and rebuilding begins with the skeletal elements and is followed by changes in the central nervous system before it concludes with modifications of the musculature. This order of events is likely ancestral for Holometabola because it is also known from Hymenoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera, and Coleoptera.

Polskie zdania względne z wewnętrznym rzeczownikiem – wstępne rozpoznanie

troduced by a special relator który to, which in sentences bearing such clauses obligatorily agrees with the internal head. Such clauses have been hitherto overlooked in most syntactic descriptions of Polish. The inquiry is based on 291 citations obtained from the National Corpus of Polish, analysed for their semantic and syntactic features. The results show that double-headed relative clauses in Polish are marked as explicitly non-restrictive (as opposed to standard relative clauses). While identical internal and external heads need to be separated by a phrase governed by the external head, there is no such constraint on nonidentical internal heads. These may have not only nominal, but also clausal antecedents. In addition, non-identity of internal and external heads allows an introduction of subjective valuation (in the internal head) and a switch from object language to metalanguage or vice versa between the governing clause and the relative clause.

On relative complementizers and relative pronouns

This paper explores the syntactic status of che and (il) qual(e) relativizers, i.e. what are standardly referred to as relative complementizers and relative pronouns, in Old and Modern Italian and Italian varieties and proposes a unified analysis for both types of items. It takes into account the ongoing debate regarding the categorial status of relativizers (Kayne 1975, 2008, 2010; Lehmann 1984; Manzini & Savoia 2003, 2011, among many others) and aims at showing that what we call complementizers are not C0 heads, as commonly assumed. Instead, we propose that both relative “complementizers” and “pronouns” have the same categorial status, i.e. they are wh-items and are part of the relative clause-internal head.

Appositive relativization

Chapter 4 investigates the dissimilar behavior of appositive relative clauses introduced by the complex relative pronoun o qual in Contemporary European Portuguese and earlier stages of Portuguese. From a descriptive point of view, eight contrasting properties are identified, relative to: (1) additional internal head; (2) extraposition; (3) pied-piping; (4) clausal antecedents; (5) split antecedents; (6) coordination of the wh-pronoun with another DP; (7) illocutionary force; and (8) the presence of a coordinator. From a theoretical point of view, it is argued that the same structural analysis cannot alone derive the contrasting properties of appositive relativization. To account for the variation found in the diachronic and cross-linguistic dimensions, it is claimed that appositive relatives might involve two different structures: specifying coordination and head raising.

DOSES DE FÓSFORO NA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO DE MUDAS EM SUBSTRATO A BASE DE FIBRA DE COCO E INFLUÊNCIA NA PRODUÇÃO DO REPOLHO

DOSES DE FÓSFORO na fertirrigação De MUDAS Em substrato a base de fibra de coco e INFLUÊNCIA NA PRODUÇÃO DO REPOLHO Leon cimó¹; joara secchi candian²; lidiane fernandes colombari²; mateus vinícius narciso redigolo²; antonio ismael inácio cardoso² ¹Graduandos do Departamento de Horticultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, [email protected]; [email protected]² Mestrandos e Professor do Departamento de Horticultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 RESUMO O repolho é uma espécie propagada por sementes, com produção de mudas em bandeja, porém, existem poucos estudos sobre uso de fertirrigação com soluções nutritivas nesta etapa do ciclo das plantas. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência de doses de fósforo na fertirrigação das mudas na produção de repolho usando a fibra de coco. Foram avaliadas seis doses de fósforo (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 mg L-1 de P) no delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foram feitas quatro fertirrigações aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a semeadura. As características avaliadas na fase de mudas foram: número de folhas, altura, massa da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes. As características avaliadas após a colheita foram: número de folhas externas e internas (cabeça), massa da matéria fresca das folhas externas e internas, diâmetro e altura da cabeça. Observou-se aumento linear para a altura e massa da matéria seca das raízes das mudas quanto maior a dose de fósforo. Já para o número de folhas, massa da matéria fresca e seca da parte aérea e seca das raízes foi observado efeito quadrático, com máximos valores estimados para doses variando entre 40 e 61 mg L-1 de P. No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas para todas as características avaliadas na colheita, provavelmente porque após o transplante observou-se bom desenvolvimento das plantas de todos os tratamentos e as diferenças iniciais não se mantiveram até o final do ciclo. Palavras-chave: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, adubação fosfatada, fosfato monoamônico; fibra da casca de coco verde. CIMÓ, L.; CANDIAN, J. S.; COLOMBARI, L. F.; REDIGOLO, M. V. N.; CARDOSO, A. I. I.DOSES OF PHOSPHORUS USED IN FERTIGATION OF SEEDLINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CABBAGE PRODUCTION 2 ABSTRACT Cabbage is a species propagated by seeds, with production of seedlings in tray, however, there are few studies on fertigation with nutrient solutions in this stage of the plants’ cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus doses on fertigation of seedlings in cabbage production. Six doses of phosphorus (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mg of P L-1) were evaluated in a randomized block design. Four fertigations were made at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after sowing. The characteristics evaluated in seedling stage were: number of leaves, height, fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and roots. The characteristics evaluated after harvest were: number of external and internal (head) of leaves, mass of fresh matter of external and internal (“head”) leaves, diameter and height of the “head”. There was a linear increase in the height and dry matter weight of the roots of seedlings the higher is the phosphorus dose. For number of leaves, fresh and dry matter weight of aerial parts and dry weight of root it was obtained quadratic effect, with maximum estimated values for doses ranging from 40 to 61 mg of P L-1. However, there were no significant differences for all traits evaluated at harvest, probably because after transplantation there was good plant growth in all treatments and the initial differences did not remain until the end of the cycle. Keywords: Brassica oleracea var. capitata; phosphate fertilizer; coconut’s husk fiber

Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds

There is a significant body of psycholinguistic evidence that supports the hypothesis of an access to constituent representation during the mental processing of compound words. However it is not clear whether the internal hierarchy of the constituents (i.e., headedness) plays a role in their mental lexical processing and it is not possible to disentangle the effect of headedness from that of constituent position in languages that admit only head-final compounds, like English or Dutch. The present study addresses this issue in two constituent priming experiments (SOA 300ms) with a lexical decision task. Italian endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric nominal compounds were employed as stimuli and the position of the primed constituent was manipulated. A first-level priming effect was found, confirming the automatic access to constituent representation. Moreover, in head-final compounds data reveal a larger priming effect for the head than for the modifying constituent. These results suggest that different kinds of compounds have a different representation at mental level: while head-final compounds are represented with an internal head-modifier hierarchy, head-initial and exocentric compounds have a lexicalised, internally flat representation.