Энергетический спектр и спектр оптического поглощения эндоэдральных фуллеренов Lu-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-N@C-=SUB=-80-=/SUB=- и Y-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-N@C-=SUB=-80-=/SUB=- в модели Хаббарда

Anticommutator Green’s functions and energy spectra of fullerene C80, endohedral fullerenes Lu3N@С80 and Y3N@С80 with the Ih symmetry groups have been obtained in an analytical form within the Hubbard model and static fluctuation approximation. The energy states have been classified using the methods of group theory, and the allowed transitions in the energy spectra of molecules C80, Lu3N@С80 and Y3N@С80have been determined. On the basis of these spectra, an interpretation of experimentally observed optical absorption bands endohedral fullerenes Lu3N@С80 and Y3N@С80.

Conflict Theory for Macro Practice

Conflict theory encompasses several theories that share underlying assumptions about interlocking systems of oppression and how they are maintained. The relevance of Marx’s theory of class conflict, C. Wright Mills’s power elite, and pluralist interest group theory are all important to understand and address social and economic gaps and informing policy for macro practice. Conflict theory can provide an understanding of health disparities, racial differences in mortality rates, class relationships associated with negative outcomes, poverty, discrimination in criminal justice, as well as numerous factors that are broadly associated with inequality embedded in social structures. Social workers play a significant role in addressing disparities in research, curricula, primary and secondary intervention, and public policy, and conflict theory can provide the framework necessary to enrich this understanding.

Wealthy Private Investors and Socially Responsible Investing: The Influence of Reference Groups

Sustainable development requires a shift from traditionally invested assets to socially responsible investing (SRI), bringing together financial profits and social welfare. Private high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) are critical for this shift as they control nearly half of global wealth. While we know little about HNWIs’ investment behavior, reference group theory suggests that their SRI engagement is influenced by their identification with and comparison to reference groups. We thus ask: how do reference groups influence the investment behavior of SRI-oriented HNWIs? To answer this question, we analyzed a unique qualitative data set of 55 semi-structured interviews with SRI-oriented HNWIs and industry experts. Our qualitative research found that, on the one hand, the family serves as a normative reference group that upholds the economic profit motive and directly shapes HNWIs to make financial gains from their investments at the expense of social welfare. On the other hand, fellow SRI-oriented HNWIs serve as a comparative reference group that does not impose any concrete requirements on social welfare performance, indirectly influencing SRI-oriented HNWIs to subordinate social concerns to financial profits. Our scholarly insights contribute to the SRI literature, reference group theory, and practice.