Determination of Company's Value: A Study with Investment Opportunity as a Moderator Variable

This research focuses on the state of a company's valuation, which is always changing. The utilized variables to estimate firm value include free cash flow and interest rates, both of which have a positive relationship with company's value. The second purpose is to investigate the current situation of investment opportunities in industrial companies that are similarly highly volatile. The availability of free cash flow indicates the interest rate has a positive relationship with the investment opportunity set. An explanatory research design is used in this study, which aims to examine the correlation between variables. The manufacturing companies that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2013 and 2018 are the focus of this study. Thus, data were collected from 612 units using a purposive sampling technique. The findings reveal that whereas free cash flow has a strong positive indirect effect on company value via mediating the investment opportunity set, interest rates have a negative and minor indirect effect on firm value via mediating the investment opportunity set.

Sustainability Performance Determinants With Investment Opportunity As Moderation

This study aims to determine the effect of public ownership and public ownership on sustainability performance with the Investment Opportunity Set (IOS) as a moderating variable. This type of research is quantitative associative using secondary data taken from the IDX website. The population in this study were manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015 to the end of 2019. The sample selection procedure in this study used the purposive sampling method; only 87 company data met the criteria. The results of this study Public Ownership have a significant effect on sustainability performance; there is an effect of public ownership on sustainability performance. The IOS can moderate the influence of Public Ownership on Sustainability performance.

INFLUENCE INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET, OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN, CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES AND CASH FLOW TO EQUITY ON POLICY DIVIDEND ON A METAL COMPANY THAT LISTED ON INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE

The research objectives in this study are to find out and analyze the effect Investment Opportunity Set, To find out and analyze the effect Operating Profit Margin, To find out and analyze the effect of Cash flow from operating activities, to find out and analyze the effect Cash flow to Equity to the dividend payout ratio, to determine and analyze the effect of the Investment Opportunity Set, Operating Profit Margin, Cash Flow from Operating Activities and Cash Flow to Equity simultaneously on the Dividend Payout Ratio in metal companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. This study uses a quantitative approach, the regression analysis technique used in this study is a multiple linear regression analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between the Investment Opportunity Set on Dividend Policy. There is an effect of Operating Profit Margin on Dividend Policy. There is no influence of Cash Flow From Operating Activities on the Dividend Policy in. There is an effect of Cash Flow to Equity on Dividend Policy and the Fcount Value is 12, 130 with a significant level of 0.000, while Ftable is known to be 2.68. Based on these results, it can be seen that Fcount > Ftable (12,130 > 2,68) so that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted so it can be concluded that the variables of Investment Opportunity Set, Operating Profit Margin, Cash Flow From Operating Activities, Cash Flow to Equity together have significant influence on the Dividend Policy of Metal Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period.

Investment-Timing and the Threat of Disruption

<p>An incumbent firm needs to determine how to best manage the risk of the arrival of a disruptive technology. The numerous actions available to the incumbent firm indicates a complex real-options model of investment is required. This thesis investigates the behaviour of an incumbent firm, with assets-in-place, when they have access to an investment opportunity. The incumbent must not only choose when to invest in the opportunity, but also the optimal structure with which to compete against a new entrant who also has this investment opportunity. In order to delay competition in the market the incumbent can elect to permanently abandon the innovative option rather than seek to compete with the new entrant. The assets-in-place contributes significant value to the incumbent and by delaying the competition effect, the incumbent can reduce the cannibalization of assets-in-place. This is despite the fact that the incumbent can attempt to profitably invest in the innovation before the entrant. Clearly the assets-in-place provide a benefit to firm value for the incumbent, but act as a burden for the growth option’s development. Should consumer preferences begin to favour the innovation, then the decision to abandon the growth option loses its value. The incumbent in this instance does not care that they may accelerate the entrant’s investment as they can still profitably preempt the entrant. In a competitive market, when the incumbent efficiently produces the innovation at no extra cost compared to an independent firm, the incumbent will elect to internalise, rather than spin off, the growth option. When the incumbent produces the innovation at a higher cost, than other market participants, they will spin off the growth option instead of internalising. When consumers favour the innovation, the incumbent becomes indifferent between spinning off and internalising the growth option as the objective functions in both cases converge to maximising the value of the growth option.</p>

Investment-Timing and the Threat of Disruption

<p>An incumbent firm needs to determine how to best manage the risk of the arrival of a disruptive technology. The numerous actions available to the incumbent firm indicates a complex real-options model of investment is required. This thesis investigates the behaviour of an incumbent firm, with assets-in-place, when they have access to an investment opportunity. The incumbent must not only choose when to invest in the opportunity, but also the optimal structure with which to compete against a new entrant who also has this investment opportunity. In order to delay competition in the market the incumbent can elect to permanently abandon the innovative option rather than seek to compete with the new entrant. The assets-in-place contributes significant value to the incumbent and by delaying the competition effect, the incumbent can reduce the cannibalization of assets-in-place. This is despite the fact that the incumbent can attempt to profitably invest in the innovation before the entrant. Clearly the assets-in-place provide a benefit to firm value for the incumbent, but act as a burden for the growth option’s development. Should consumer preferences begin to favour the innovation, then the decision to abandon the growth option loses its value. The incumbent in this instance does not care that they may accelerate the entrant’s investment as they can still profitably preempt the entrant. In a competitive market, when the incumbent efficiently produces the innovation at no extra cost compared to an independent firm, the incumbent will elect to internalise, rather than spin off, the growth option. When the incumbent produces the innovation at a higher cost, than other market participants, they will spin off the growth option instead of internalising. When consumers favour the innovation, the incumbent becomes indifferent between spinning off and internalising the growth option as the objective functions in both cases converge to maximising the value of the growth option.</p>

KEBIJAKAN PEMBAGIAN DIVIDEN KAS DI PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR PERDAGANGAN ECERAN

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh laba bersih, arus kas operasi, investment opportunity set, dan firm size terhadap dividen kas. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada perusahaan sub perdagangan eceran yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2015–2019. Sampel terdiri dari lima perusahaan yang dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji regresi linear berganda untuk menguji hipotesis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa laba bersih berpengaruh positif terhadap dividen kas, sedangkan arus kas operasi, investment opportunity set, dan firm size tidak berpengaruh. Hal ini dapat menjadi perhatian bagi perusahaan untuk terus meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba bersih. Dengan laba yang tinggi, para investor akan lebih tertarik untuk menginvestasikan dananya. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of net income, operating cash flow, investment opportunity set, and firm size on cash dividends. This research was conducted on sub-retail trading companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2015–2019 period. The sample consists of five companies, selected using the purposive sampling method. It uses multiple linear regression to test the hypotheses. Results show that net income affects positively cash dividends. While cash flow, investment opportunity set, and firm size does not affect cash dividends. This can be a concern for the company to continue to improve the company's performance in generating net income. With high profits, investors will be more interested in investing their funds.

Uncertainty and Investment Choice in a Real-Options Model of the Firm

<p>A firm must consider many factors when adopting an investment policy including, but not limited to the size, scope, and cost of each investment, as well as the firm's financial condition. The multitude of considerations makes optimal decision-making much more complex than is indicated by standard real-option models of investment. This thesis investigates the behaviour of a cash-constrained firm that has access to two distinct investment opportunities. Such a firm must not only choose the timing of each investment, but often it must also choose between investments. When compared with similar one-project models of the past, the introduction of an additional investment opportunity alters the general results in a variety of ways. If one of the projects has a high yield, and therefore a quick payback period, this project can provide benefits over and above its NPV as the cash it generates relaxes future capital constraints for follow-up investment. When the firm is sufficiently constrained, this can lead to an investment policy where high-yield low-NPV projects are implemented instead of lower-yield higher-NPV projects, a direct deviation from the NPV rule. If one of the projects can raise a relatively large proportion of its value as collateral for investment, then the constrained firm will at times accelerate investment in this project in order to free up cash reserves for the other opportunity. In single-project models, when the firm is able to invest in a low NPV project, the value of additional cash is low. This is because the project will be delayed regardless of the level of cash. However, when the firm has a second investment opportunity, if one project has a low NPV and the other a high NPV then additional cash is beneficial to the firm. The two-project model also provides insights into how resources should be allocated if the constrained firm decides to split and operate the projects as separate firms. When cash is low, more resources should go to the spin-off with the high NPV project in order to give it the best chance of being initiated. However, when cash is high, disproportionately more resources should go to the spin-off with the lower NPV project as investment in the higher NPV project is likely to occur without the help of additional resources.</p>