Biochar manages salt-degraded land and conserves water: Effects and mechanism

<p>Soil salinization represents a wide-spread land degradation in the world, especially in arid regions. Current management involves excessive water consumption. As a pyrolyzed residue of biomass waste, biochar has the potential to combat salinization at limited water supply, the effect and mechanism, however, remain to be clarified. We monitored the movement of salts and water in the profile of irrigation-silt soil during watering and evaporation in both laboratory and the field in Kashgar oasis in Xinjiang, China, and found that biochar exacerbates salinization within a short period of time after its application due to its high content of salts, nevertheless, it strengthens salt leaching in irrigation while intensifies salt accumulation in the top soil at the expense below during evaporation, all as results of invigorated movement of salts. Removing the top 2 cm before sowing, therefore, rejuvenates the soil well. Adsorption of biochar retards migration of salts in cation forms, but the effect is trivial. Due to increase to soil water content, biochar promotes evaporation before soil cracking. This is reversed, however, once the cracking occurs, which is inevitable in irrigated farmland and increases evaporation by 77%. Biochar counteracts soil cracking by alleviating soil compaction, lowering water evaporation by 43% at 10% of biochar application rate. Our results indicated that agriculture application of biochar creates salt distribution conducive to desalting in a mechanical way. In conjunction with the effect of anti-fracturing and enhanced salt leaching, it lowers water demand substantially, providing a new solution to the agricultural sustainability at reduced water supply.</p>

Soil cracking induced by overgrazing triggers the severe degradation or initiates the natural recovery of overgrazed alpine meadows on the Tibetan plateau?

<p>Soil cracking is an important feature of degraded terrestrial ecosystems, which cuts the closed and intact land, alters microtopography and also influences the dynamics of soil nutrients, water and heat, then further affect species distributions. Despite their importance, the patterns and causes of cracks related to overgrazing on alpine rangeland have rarely been reported previously, and the effects of cracks on soil properties and plant distributions are poorly understood. Therefore, we used a comprehensive cross-scale approach to investigate the distribution of crack-soil areas at the eastern Tibetan plateau (217 survey sites), then selected the grazing-induced parameter that was closely related to the cracks at a small scale, and quantified the effects of microtopography (raised areas and healed cracks) induced by cracking on the soil properties, and community composition at crack-mosaic patch from 2013-2018, then to evaluate the further roles of soil cracking on alpine rangelands. The results showed that cracks only formed in the alpine meadow after overstocking. The increased soil compaction under overgrazing was closely related to soil cracking. On crack patch scale, the healed cracks facilitated nutrient and water enrichment due to the increasing surface roughness, then improved the plant communities. To some extent, healed crack mosaics are good for the conservation of water and nutrients. We provide key and easy-to-measure indicators to prevent overgrazing and cracking: a residual biomass greater than 65 g/m<sup>2</sup> and a height greater than 6 cm, and the soil compaction should be lower than 1044.26 ± 188.88 kPa. We should pay more attention to crack phenomena to prevent severe degradation. Overgrazed alpine meadows should be treated in the early phase of cracking and it may be able to return to optimum conditions in healthy rangelands. Otherwise, soil cracking becomes the most critical turning point in the process of alpine rangeland severe degradation.</p>