Social conflicts between actors in marine resource management in Palabuhanratu, West Java, Indonesia

Marine resources have become a niche of life for fishing groups on the coast of Palabuhanratu Sukabumi, West Java. The dependence of the fishing groups on natural resources has led to competition in the process of obtaining resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze stakeholders in marine resource management in Palabuhanratu. This research was conducted in Palabuhanratu, West Java, Indonesia. The research employed a qualitative approach with 60 informants, divided into 20 local fishermen, 20 migrant fishermen, and 20 external fishermen. The results of the study show several analyzes of the research objectives. First, several actors have an interest and influence in marine resource management in Palabuhanratu, including government actors, local fishermen, migrant fishermen, external fishermen, and marine tourism. Migrant fishermen have a high interest and influence in the process of exploiting marine resources in Palabuhanratu. Second, the relationships that exist between actors in the interaction process for the marine resource management in Palabuhanratu can take the form of negotiations and conflicts. Conflicts that occur are in the form of destroying other fishing gear, controlling the area, and protesting, while negotiations occur in the form of a cooperative relationship between groups of fishermen in catching fish and agreeing on boundaries for each type of fishing gear.

Traditional Dimensions of Seabed Resource Management in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific: Learning From the Socio-Ecological Interconnectivity Between Island Communities and the Ocean Realm

In many of the Pacific Islands, local communities have long-held cultural and spiritual attachments to the sea, in particular to species and specific marine areas, processes, habitats, islands, and natural seabed formations. Traditional knowledge, customary marine management approaches and integrated relationships between biodiversity, ecosystems and local communities promote conservation and ensure that marine benefits are reaped in a holistic, sustainable and equitable manner. However, the interaction between local traditional knowledge, contemporary scientific approaches to marine resource management and specific regulatory frameworks has often been challenging. To some extent, the value of community practices and customary law, which have provided an incentive for regional cooperation and coordination around ocean governance, is acknowledged in several legal systems in the Pacific and a number of regional and international instruments, but this important connection can be further enhanced. In this article we present a science-based overview of the marine habitats that would be affected by deep seabed mining (DSM) along with an analysis of some traditional dimensions and cultural/societal aspects of marine resource management. We then assess whether the applicable legal frameworks at different levels attach sufficient importance to these traditional dimensions and to the human and societal aspects of seabed (mineral) resource management in the region. On the basis of this analysis, we identify best practices and formulate recommendations with regard to the current regulatory frameworks and seabed resource management approaches. Indeed, the policies and practices developed in the Pacific could well serve as a suitable model elsewhere to reconcile commercial, ecological, cultural and social values within the context of deep sea mineral exploitation in addition to sustaining the Human Well-being and Sustainable Livelihoods (HWSL) of the Pacific communities and the health of the Global Ocean.

Conceptualizing indicators as boundary objects in integrating Inuit knowledge and western science for marine resource management

A complex co-management system exists across Inuit Nunangat, whereby federal, provincial, territorial governments and Inuit organizations manage natural resources cooperatively. Under Inuit land claim agreements, Inuit knowledge, western science, and co-produced knowledge are to be used side by side to support decision-making. However, the mechanisms of effectively integrating these knowledge systems to inform decision-makers remain poorly understood. This limits Inuit self-determination, hinders knowledge production, impedes resource governance improvements, and exacerbates communication barriers leading to tensions in marine resource management. It is also a barrier for scientists to utilize Inuit knowledge that exists in a different capacity, and vice versa. We discuss marine resource management indicators, positioning them as potential “boundary objects” around which different knowledge systems converge. We explore their role for not only monitoring ecosystems, but also for integrating knowledge in co-management. We summarize efforts at developing indicators and explore the extent to which they can take on information from different knowledge systems in support of improved co-management decision-making. Finally, we identify how indicators can be used as a facilitation tool for integrating knowledge systems while also generating new research questions and bringing forward management challenges that would otherwise remain out of the scope of researchers and resource managers. Ilagijauninginnut piliriqatigiigunnarninginnullu pitaqarmat Inuit Nunangat, pijjutigillugu gavamatuqakkut, gavamaillu aviktursimajuni, nunalingnillu gavamagijaujut ammalu Inuit katujjiqatigiingit piliriqatigiittiarpangninginnut nunalirijaraangata. Inuit angirutinga, Inuit qaujimajatuqangi, qallunaalu qaujisartulirijjutigijangit, ammalu piliriqatigiigunnarninginnut qaujimajangitigut aturtauttiariaqarningani piliriqatigiittiarlutik ikajurtigiittiarlutik isumaliuriniaraangata. Taimanninganut, tukisijausimanirijanga saqititaunasuartillugu qaujimajatuqarijaujut isumaliurutauniartillugit tukisiajauttiangimmat. Ajurutigijaujuq Inuit pivaallirutigijunnartanga, piliriarijaungilluni qaujimajaugaluartillugu, ajurutiqartutitut pivaallirutigijunnataraluanginnit, kisianilu ajurutiqainnaujarllutik tusaumaqattautingiluartunut pijjutigijanga ajurutigingmagu imarmiutalirijikkunnu lu pilirijigivaktanginnut. Ajurutigijaugivuq qaujisartiuvaktuni tukisinasuattiariaksaq Inuit qaujimajatuqanginni pitaqattiaraluartillugu asingitigut, ammalu igluanunga tukisinasuarllugu. Uqausirivangmijavut imatmiutalirijaraangata pilirijigijauvaktut, piliriarijjutigijaujunnarniarninginnut “ajurutiujunut piqutiit” tamakkua ajjigiingittuni qaujimajaqartuni tukisiumaqattautilirunnarlutik. Qimirujavut qanuilingagaluarmangaata tamakkuatuinnaungittut nunamiutalimaalu imarmilu ammalu saqitinasuarllugu qaujimajaujut piliriqatingiigiaqarnirmit. Piliriarinasuartavut katirsurllugit saqittijumanirmut piliriqatigiittialirunnarnirmut ammalu qaujivallianirijavut angilirtigiarlugu tukisijauvalliajunut ajjigiingitillugi ikajurutaulirunnarninganut piliriqatigiitialirlutik isumaliurutauqattarniartillugit. Asuilaak, uqarunnalirpugut qaujisarutauniartut aturtaujunnalirput piliriarijjutigilugit qaujimaqattautivallialirnirmut pivallialirtillugit tukisiqattautivalliatilluta qaujisarutiksaniglu nutaanik apiqutiksanik ammalu pilirianguvallianiartillugu ajungijjutigijunnartanginnit katujjiqatingiingniartilluta pitaqarajalaungikkaluartillugi qaujisartinut ammalu nunalirivaktuni pilirijiit.

Mare Nullius or Mare Suum? Using Ethnography to Debate Rights to Marine Resources in Coastal Sámi Communities of Troms

While legal progress on Indigenous land claims has recently been fostered around the globe, sea claims still lag behind. Since the beginning of colonization, the doctrine of mare nullius declared seas vacant of Indigenous tenure or authority and led to the establishment of sovereign State jurisdiction over offshore areas, and more recently to the characterization of the living resources in these waters as accessible for each State’s citizens. In Norway, colonialism was not characterized by transoceanic settlement. The concept of establishing sovereignty in offshore areas attached to the land, however, had the same basis as the European colonies in America or Oceania. In this context, the acknowledgement of the marine living resources in the waters attached to the land as common goods for all Norwegian citizens adversely affected the Coastal Sámi Indigenous peoples, who exclusively and since time immemorial managed the wild marine living resources based on customary systems of marine tenure. Additionally, due to increased regulations over the past few decades, it has become difficult for the Coastal Sámi to continue their traditional way of living. Still, legislation and recommendations on Indigenous participation in marine resource management exist and derive from both Norwegian and international law. However, despite the established legal framework, Coastal Sami participation in marine resource management is often questioned. It has been argued that the most appropriate way to ensure Indigenous inclusion in marine resource management is to look at the reverse side of the coin, exploring Indigenous tenure, legal traditions and knowledge, and accommodate them within State law. This project aims, through ethnographic fieldwork and literature analysis, to discuss the current status of Coastal Sámi fisheries in the communities of Troms County, and illustrate local conceptions of marine resource management among the project participants.