PENERAPAN TEKNIK ENDORPHIN TERHADAP NYERI KALA I PERSALINAN

ABSTRACT Labor pain is a natural thing that will serve every woman before the birth process, labor pain can occur due to strong contractions that function as a decrease in the baby's head and body. Labor pain causes a sense of discomfort and anxiety which is presented to the mother in labor. Overcoming labor pain can be done with pharmacological methods, namely analgesic and non-pharmacological, namely the Endorphin Technique. Research Objectives To find out ‘The Effect of Endorphin Techniques on Labor Pain in the First Stage’. This type of search uses the literature study method by collecting the data obtained (n=955), analyzing, structured evaluation, and classification so as to get a reference to the literature study. The results of the study found the Endorphin Technique (n = 5) journal journals. The Endorphin Technique are very effective in reducing labor pain and helping to accelerate the lowering of the baby's head in laboring mothers so as to provide comfort to the mother before labor It is hoped that health workers apply in midwifery care and provide health education to mothers who give birth that the Endorphin Technique methods that can reduce pain during the labor process. ABSTRAK Nyeri persalinan merupakan hal wajar yang akan dialami oleh setiap wanita menjelang proses persalinan, nyeri persalinan bisa terjadi karena adanya kontraksi kuat yang berfungsi sebagai penurunan kepala dan badan bayi. Nyeri persalinan menimbulkan rasa ketidaknyamanan serta rasa cemas yang dialami pada ibu bersalin. Mengatasi nyeri persalinan dapat dilakukan dengan metode farmakologi yaitu analgesic dan non farmakologi yaitu Teknik Endorphin. Tujuan Penelitian Mengetahui ‘Penerapan Teknik Endorphin Terhadap Nyeri Persalinan Kala I’. Jenis penelitian yang menggunakan metode study literatur review dengan mengumpulkan data yang diperoleh (n=955), telaah, evaluasi terstruktur, dan pengklasifikasian sehingga mendapatkan kesimpulan mengenai studi literatur. Hasil penelitian ditemukan Teknik Endorphin (n=5) jurnal. Teknik Endorphin sangat efektif dalam mengurangi rasa nyeri persalinan dan membantu mempercepat penurunan kepala bayi pada ibu bersalin sehingga memberikan rasa nyaman kepada ibu bersalin menjelang proses persalinan. Diharapkan untuk tenaga kesehatan menerapkan dalam asuhan kebidanan serta memberi pendidikan kesehatan pada ibu bersalin bahwa Teknik Endorphin merupakan metode yang dapat mengurangi rasa nyeri pada saat proses persalinan.

Understanding China’s New Dual Circulation Development Strategy: A Marxian Input-Output Analysis

The Chinese government has proposed a new development model called Dual Circulation, which, we argue, is a response to the upsurge of trade protectionism in recent years, as well as an acceleration of China’s long-planned restructuring of its economy. Our input-output analysis reveals the inferior global distributional position of China and the dire consequences it faces from a counterfactual US-China trade decoupling. Specifically, China on average transferred out about 9 percent of its abstract labor during 2010–14, and it stands to lose 2.5 percentage points in its growth rate and over 10 million jobs if the United States and China completely transfer their bilateral trade to other partners. JEL classification: B51, O24, D57

The Role of Science and Education in the Formation of the «Knowledge Economy»

The article is aimed at analyzing the peculiarities of the formation of the «knowledge economy» and identifying the role of science and education in this process. The publication considers the processes of transformation of the system of commodity relations and the emergence of prerequisites for the formation of the «knowledge economy». The formation of a new type of social ties is associated with a change in the content of the essence of labor as an economic category. The growth of the share of intellectual, creative component in labor leads to the impossibility of reduction of the latter to the abstract labor, which forms a cost. The process of formation of a new type of relationship is formed on the basis of information and knowledge as the main conditions of modern production. This creates new requirements for the educational sphere in which changes should take place, adequate to the economic transformation of commodity relations, to the processes of becoming a «knowledge economy». These processes in the educational sphere were manifested in the occurrence of corporate universities and such a phenomenon as «academic capitalism». As result of the study, the main positive results are defined, along with possible negative consequences associated with the introduction of the principles of «academic capitalism» in the educational sphere. It is concluded that the process of forming a new type of relationship, which by its nature contradicts commodity relations, changes the nature of the functioning of all elements of society, including in the educational sphere, but this should not alter the essence of science and education by providing them with market characteristics. Prospects for further research in this direction, according to the author, may be the issues of finding a balance between the market context of the functioning of the educational sphere and its social mission, which corresponds to the peculiarities of the «knowledge economy».

Class

Class is not a term like style that refers to a quality inherent in the literature itself, or genre, that while historically produced, nonetheless is imagined to have formal properties. Class is rather a way of seeing, an analysis of how literature has been constituted by capitalist social relations and also has responded to—and been seized by—working class movements, from the abolition of slavery to the archipelago of movements against neoliberalism in our post-Fordist age. “Class” understands working class literature in a US context, as literature that was once about working class people, from the mediated publication of slave narratives, to the middle class gaze of realism, to its transformation in the 20th century into literature about the subjectivity of working class people themselves. As Hungarian Marxist theorist Georg Lukacs notes, class has both an objective and a subjective quality: workers are both reified as alienated commodities while at the same time perceives their interests as qualitatively different from those of the capitalist who purchases their labor power. Or as Marx put it, “abstract labor” is always in conflict and in contradiction with “living labor,” the real embodied lives of workers whose persons are part of the commodity circulation process. Thus the novels that arose out of the working class revolutions of the 20th century often focus on the first person process of subjectivization, as the working class protagonist realizes their own alienation and strives to transform it in the process of personal and often social struggle. Of particular interest in the US context is the way in which race and class often function as double and mutually reinforcing forms of alienation. At the height of the working class literary movement in the mid-20th century, novels such as Carlos Bulosan’s America Is the Heart and Richard Wright’s Native Son offered engagements with this double question, with Ann Petry’s The Street and Tillie Olsen’s Yonnondio furthered this question with the gendering of labor. In the post-Fordist era, the question of class and subjectivity has fragmented even further, without working class parties and large industrial unions to offer a totalized countervision of working subjectivity. Novels such as Helena Viramontes’s Under the Feet of Jesus and Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange offer a fragmented and transnational vision of new working class subjectivities, while novels such as Philip Meyer’s American Rust pose a reification of whiteness as a way to shore up a declining working class control over their labor and fragmenting subjectivity.

Bounded Religious Automation at Work: Communicating Human Authority in Artificial Intelligence Networks

Existential threats to human work and leadership have been expressed over intensifying human-machine communication, and the development of robots and artificial intelligence (AI). Yet popular texts and techno-centric approaches to AI assume a flat ontology in human-machine communication which obscures power relations governing new technologies, necessitating a bounded automation approach integrating socio-economic influences that shape AI diffusion in distinctive occupational settings. This article advances three critical lines of enquiry to interrogate abstract labor displacement propositions by contextualizing human authority and communication in spiritual work. By explicating the dynamic and relational ways in which clerics strategically manage emerging social robotics, discussion of the case of ‘the world’s first robot monk’ illustrates how organizational leaders can influence AI agents to (re)produce values and cultural realities. In the process, priests strengthen normative regulation of power by aligning epistemic knowledge shared about AI and during human-machine communication to extant understandings of collective ideals.