Inhibition of Farnesoid X Receptor Rescues Fat Depression Induced by Dietary Berberine in Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon Idella

Berberine (BBR) depresses lipid accumulation in fish, but the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesize FXR signaling participates in this physiological process of grass carp. Three diets, namely the control, BBR (1.0 g/kg), and BBR + Gly-β-MCA (an FXR inhibitor) were formulated to feed juvenile grass carp (9.90 ± 0.07) for 8 weeks. Fish fed BBR presented significantly lower IPF index, hepatic TG and TC contents, as well as whole body lipid levels, whereas these were rescued by Gly-β-MCA. Serum TG and HDL-c contents were significantly decreased in fish fed BBR compared to those in the control. The serum ALT activity, combined with the TG, TC, HDL-c, and LDL-c concentrations were all significantly increased in fish fed BBR + Gly-β-MCA than those fed BBR. Dietary BBR significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of FXR, decreased the mRNA level of FGF19 in the intestine, whereas these were reversed by Gly-β-MCA. In the hepatopancreas, the inhibitor recovered the suppression of the CYP7A1, CYP8B1, and CYP27A1 expression induced by dietary BBR. Fish fed BBR showed significantly lower mRNA expression of SREBP-1c and FAS, whereas these two genes were all up-regulated in response to inhibitor. Dietary BBR increased the gene expression of PPARα, ATGL, CPT-1, which were all abolished by dietary Gly-β-MCA treatment. Fish fed BBR and BBR + Gly-β-MCA showed significantly lower total OTUs, ACE index, chao 1 index, and simpson index of the gut microbiota. Overall, our results demonstrate that inhibition of FXR leads to the rescue of lipid suppression induced by dietary BBR in grass carp.

Study of the Lipolysis Effect of Nanoliposome-Encapsulated Ganoderma lucidum Protein Hydrolysates on Adipocyte Cells Using Proteomics Approach

Excessive lipid accumulation is a serious condition. Therefore, we aimed at developing safe strategies using natural hypolipidemic products. Lingzhi is an edible fungus and potential lipid suppression stimulant. To use Lingzhi as a functional hyperlipidemic ingredient, response surface methodology (RSM) was conducted to optimize the time (X1) and enzyme usage (X2) for the hydrolysate preparation with the highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) and % yield. We encapsulated the hydrolysates using nanoscale liposomes and used proteomics to study how these nano-liposomal hydrolysates could affect lipid accumulation in adipocyte cells. RSM analysis revealed X1 at 8.63 h and X2 at 0.93% provided the highest values of DH and % yields were 33.99% and 5.70%. The hydrolysates were loaded into liposome particles that were monodispersed. The loaded nano-liposomal particles did not significantly affect cell survival rates. The triglyceride (TG) breakdown in adipocytes showed a higher TG increase compared to the control. Lipid staining level upon the liposome treatment was lower than that of the control. Proteomics revealed 3425 proteins affected by the liposome treatment, the main proteins being TSSK5, SMU1, GRM7, and KLC4, associated with various biological functions besides lipolysis. The nano-liposomal Linzghi hydrolysate might serve as novel functional ingredients in the treatment and prevention of obesity