Cost minimization of algorithms for scheduling parallel, single-threaded, heterogeneous, speed-scalable processors

We synthesize online scheduling algorithms to optimally assign a set of arriving heterogeneous tasks to heterogeneous speed-scalable processors under the single threaded computing architecture. By using dynamic speed-scaling, where each processor's speed is able to dynamically change within hardware and software processing constraints, the goal of our algorithms is to minimize the total financial cost (in dollars) of response time and energy consumption (TCRTEC) of the tasks. In our work, the processors are heterogeneous in that they may differ in their hardware specifications with respect to maximum processing rate, power function parameters and energy sources. Tasks are heterogeneous in terms of computation volume, memory and minimum processing requirements. We also consider that the unit price of response time for each task is heterogeneous because the user may be willing to pay higher/lower unit prices for certain tasks, thereby increasing/decreasing their optimum processing rates. We model the overhead loading time incurred when a task is loaded by a given processor prior to its execution and assume it to be heterogeneous as well. Under the single threaded, single buffered computing architecture, we synthesize the SBDPP algorithm and its two other versions. Its first two versions allow the user to specify the unit price of energy and response time for executing each arriving task. The algorithm's second version extends the functionality of the first by allowing the user or the OS of the computing device to further modify a task's unit price of time or energy in order to achieve a linearly controlled operation point that lies somewhere in the economy-performance mode continuum of a task's execution. The algorithm's third version operates exclusively on the latter. We briefly extend the algorithm and its versions to consider migration, where an unfinished task is paused and resumed on another processor. The SBDPP algorithm is qualitatively compared against its two other versions. The SBDPP dispatcher is analytically shown to perform better than the well known Round Robin dispatcher in terms of the TCRTEC performance metric. Through simulations we deduce a relationship between the arrival rate of tasks, number of processors and response time of tasks. Under the Single threaded, multi-buffered computing architecture we have four contributions that constitute the SMBSPP algorithm. First, we propose a novel task dispatching strategy for assigning the tasks to the processors. Second, we propose a novel preemptive service discipline called Smallest remaining Computation Volume Per unit Price of response Time (SCVPPT) to schedule the tasks on the assigned processor. Third, we propose a dynamic speed-scaling function that explicitly determines the optimum processing rate of each task. Most of the simulations consider both stochastic and deterministic traffic conditions. Our simulation results show that SCVPPT outperforms the two known service disciplines, Shortest Remaining Processing Time (SRPT) and the First Come First Serve (FCFS), in terms of minimizing the TCRTEC performance metric. The results also show that the algorithm's dispatcher drastically outperforms the well known Round Robin dispatcher with cost savings exceeding 100% even when the processors are mildly heterogeneous. Finally, analytical and simulation results show that our speed scaling function performs better than a comparable speed scaling function in current literature. Under a fixed budget of energy, we synthesize the SMBAD algorithm which uses the micro-economic laws of Supply and Demand (LSD) to heuristically adjust the unit price of energy in order to extend battery life and execute more than 50% of tasks on a single processor (under the single threaded, multi buffered computing architecture). By extending all our multiprocessor algorithms to factor independent (battery) energy sources that is associated with each processor, we analytically show that load balancing effects are induced on hetergeneous parallel processors. This happens when the unit price of energy is adjusted by the battery level of each processor in accordance with LSD. Furthermore, we show that a variation of this load balancing effect also occurs when the heterogeneous processors use a single battery as long as they operate at unconstrained processing rates.

Cost minimization of algorithms for scheduling parallel, single-threaded, heterogeneous, speed-scalable processors

We synthesize online scheduling algorithms to optimally assign a set of arriving heterogeneous tasks to heterogeneous speed-scalable processors under the single threaded computing architecture. By using dynamic speed-scaling, where each processor's speed is able to dynamically change within hardware and software processing constraints, the goal of our algorithms is to minimize the total financial cost (in dollars) of response time and energy consumption (TCRTEC) of the tasks. In our work, the processors are heterogeneous in that they may differ in their hardware specifications with respect to maximum processing rate, power function parameters and energy sources. Tasks are heterogeneous in terms of computation volume, memory and minimum processing requirements. We also consider that the unit price of response time for each task is heterogeneous because the user may be willing to pay higher/lower unit prices for certain tasks, thereby increasing/decreasing their optimum processing rates. We model the overhead loading time incurred when a task is loaded by a given processor prior to its execution and assume it to be heterogeneous as well. Under the single threaded, single buffered computing architecture, we synthesize the SBDPP algorithm and its two other versions. Its first two versions allow the user to specify the unit price of energy and response time for executing each arriving task. The algorithm's second version extends the functionality of the first by allowing the user or the OS of the computing device to further modify a task's unit price of time or energy in order to achieve a linearly controlled operation point that lies somewhere in the economy-performance mode continuum of a task's execution. The algorithm's third version operates exclusively on the latter. We briefly extend the algorithm and its versions to consider migration, where an unfinished task is paused and resumed on another processor. The SBDPP algorithm is qualitatively compared against its two other versions. The SBDPP dispatcher is analytically shown to perform better than the well known Round Robin dispatcher in terms of the TCRTEC performance metric. Through simulations we deduce a relationship between the arrival rate of tasks, number of processors and response time of tasks. Under the Single threaded, multi-buffered computing architecture we have four contributions that constitute the SMBSPP algorithm. First, we propose a novel task dispatching strategy for assigning the tasks to the processors. Second, we propose a novel preemptive service discipline called Smallest remaining Computation Volume Per unit Price of response Time (SCVPPT) to schedule the tasks on the assigned processor. Third, we propose a dynamic speed-scaling function that explicitly determines the optimum processing rate of each task. Most of the simulations consider both stochastic and deterministic traffic conditions. Our simulation results show that SCVPPT outperforms the two known service disciplines, Shortest Remaining Processing Time (SRPT) and the First Come First Serve (FCFS), in terms of minimizing the TCRTEC performance metric. The results also show that the algorithm's dispatcher drastically outperforms the well known Round Robin dispatcher with cost savings exceeding 100% even when the processors are mildly heterogeneous. Finally, analytical and simulation results show that our speed scaling function performs better than a comparable speed scaling function in current literature. Under a fixed budget of energy, we synthesize the SMBAD algorithm which uses the micro-economic laws of Supply and Demand (LSD) to heuristically adjust the unit price of energy in order to extend battery life and execute more than 50% of tasks on a single processor (under the single threaded, multi buffered computing architecture). By extending all our multiprocessor algorithms to factor independent (battery) energy sources that is associated with each processor, we analytically show that load balancing effects are induced on hetergeneous parallel processors. This happens when the unit price of energy is adjusted by the battery level of each processor in accordance with LSD. Furthermore, we show that a variation of this load balancing effect also occurs when the heterogeneous processors use a single battery as long as they operate at unconstrained processing rates.

Whirligig beetles as corralled active Brownian particles

We study the collective dynamics of groups of whirligig beetles Dineutus discolor (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) swimming freely on the surface of water. We extract individual trajectories for each beetle, including positions and orientations, and use this to discover (i) a density-dependent speed scaling like v ∼ ρ − ν with ν ≈ 0.4 over two orders of magnitude in density (ii) an inertial delay for velocity alignment of approximately 13 ms and (iii) coexisting high and low-density phases, consistent with motility-induced phase separation (MIPS). We modify a standard active Brownian particle (ABP) model to a corralled ABP (CABP) model that functions in open space by incorporating a density-dependent reorientation of the beetles, towards the cluster. We use our new model to test our hypothesis that an motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) (or a MIPS like effect) can explain the co-occurrence of high- and low-density phases we see in our data. The fitted model then successfully recovers a MIPS-like condensed phase for N = 200 and the absence of such a phase for smaller group sizes N = 50, 100.

Network Speed Scaling

Speed scaling for a network of servers represented by a directed acyclic graph is considered. Jobs arrive at a source server, with a specified destination server, and are defined to be complete once they are processed by all servers on any feasible path between the source and the corresponding destination. Each server has variable speed, with power consumption function P, a convex increasing function of the speed. The objective is to minimize the sum of the flow time (summed across jobs) and the energy consumed by all the servers, which depends on how jobs are routed, as well as how server speeds are set. Algorithms are derived for both the worst case and stochastic job arrivals setting, whose competitive ratio depends only on the power functions and path diversity in the network, but is independent of the workload.