Two-Dimensional Interfacial Exchange Diffusion Has the Potential to Augment Spatiotemporal Precision of Ca2+ Signaling

Nano-junctions between the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic surfaces of the plasma membrane and other organelles shape the spatiotemporal features of biological Ca2+ signals. Herein, we propose that 2D Ca2+ exchange diffusion on the negatively charged phospholipid surface lining nano-junctions participates in guiding Ca2+ from its source (channel or carrier) to its target (transport protein or enzyme). Evidence provided by in vitro Ca2+ flux experiments using an artificial phospholipid membrane is presented in support of the above proposed concept, and results from stochastic simulations of Ca2+ trajectories within nano-junctions are discussed in order to substantiate its possible requirements. Finally, we analyze recent literature on Ca2+ lipid interactions, which suggests that 2D interfacial Ca2+ diffusion may represent an important mechanism of signal transduction in biological systems characterized by high phospholipid surface to aqueous volume ratios.

Seni Prasi Dalam Kajian Antopologi Dan Sosiologi

Pracy Art is a kind of painting using leaf lontar media which is painted with the sharp iron, the formercharcoal mixed with coconut oil slightlyy on its surface. Themes are revealed; Mahabrata, Ramayana, Sotasoma,Tantri, and other folklore. The existence of the palm leaf is important in the life of the people of Geriya, Talibeng,Sidemen, Karangasem. Because the art is part of the civilization of Ancient Bali. To understand more deeply aboutthis art of pracy it is necessary to approach with anthropology and Sociology. Both fields of science are related to humanlife in the activity of art. This Study the focuses on the discussion in "literature", collectors, and community observers ofpracy art. The purpose of the research is to know the existence of art pracy in the life of Geriya, Taliban, Karangasemsociety. The benefit of research is to know existence of pracy art at Bali ancient, and in global era. The research methoduses qualitative discriminative, ethnographic approach, data retrieval with observation, interview, and documentation.To solve the problem in the art of pracy use some big theories; ethnographic theory, social exchange, diffusion theory andother small theories. The Findings show that Pracy Art in the life of Geriya Taliban, Karangasem is as arepresentation of beliefs, beliefs and teachings of Hinduism.