A new species of Nigrobaetis Novikova & Kluge, 1987 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from Tamil Nadu, India

Nigrobaetis klugei sp. nov. is described based on nymphs from the Sastha falls of Western Ghats, Southern India. The nymph of Nigrobaetis klugei sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Oriental species of Nigrobaetis by the following combination of characters: (i) dorsal surface of the labrum with 1+3 long simple stout setae on the distal half; (ii) paraproct distally not expanded, with a reduced number of spines on distal margin (three large and two small spines); (iii) paraglossae slender, approximately as wide as glossae; (iv) absence of medioproximal spots in the abdominal tergites and (v) long and pointed triangular spines at the distal margin of abdominal tergites.

New fossil giant lacewings from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of China (Neuroptera, Ithonidae)

A new genus with a new species, Fuscopolystoechotes reticulatus Xu, Zheng, Shih & Wang, gen. et sp. nov., and a new species Lichenipolystoechotes fenestratus Xu, Fang, Shih & Wang, sp. nov. of Ithonidae, are described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation, Inner Mongolia, China. Both new species are assigned to Polystoechotes genus-group mainly based on the combination of following characters: the distinctly narrowed costal space in distal half, presence of recurrent humeral veinlet and ScA, absence of interlinked crossveins in between costal crossveins, converged ScP and RA and pectinately branched MA and MP in distal. But the new genus of Fuscopolystoechotes gen. nov. is differentiated from all other genera by a combination of characters, i.e., specialized markings on forewing; scp-ra crossveins absent; CuP with pectinate branches and crossveins in RP–A area complicated. These two new species with the remarkable markings in forewings are considered to be adapted for the particular Mesozoic environments for camouflage or mimicry.

Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile

Armoured dinosaurs are well known for forms that evolved specialized tail weapons: paired tail spikes in stegosaurs, and heavy tail clubs in advanced ankylosaurs1. Armoured dinosaurs from southern Gondwana are rare and enigmatic, but likely include the earliest branches of Ankylosauria2-4. Here, we describe a mostly complete, semiarticulated skeleton of a small (about 2m) armoured dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Magallanes in southernmost Chile, a region biogeographically related to West Antarctica5. Stegouros elengassen gen. et sp. nov. evolved a large tail weapon unlike any dinosaur: A flat, frond-like structure formed by 7 pairs of laterally projecting osteoderms encasing the distal half of the tail. Stegouros shows ankylosaurian cranial characters, but a largely primitive postcranial skeleton, with some stegosaur-like characters. Phylogenetic analyses placed Stegouros in Ankylosauria, and specifically related to Kunbarrasaurus from Australia6 and Antarctopelta from Antarctica7, forming a clade of Gondwanan ankylosaurs that split earliest from all other ankylosaurs. Large osteoderms and specialized tail vertebrae in Antarctopelta suggest it had a tail weapon similar to Stegouros. We propose a new clade, the Parankylosauria, to include the first ancestor of Stegouros but not Ankylosaurus, and all descendants of that ancestor.

Pectotibialis paghmanensis Tshernyshev gen. nov. – a new genus and species of soft-winged flower beetle (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Malachiidae) from Afghanistan

A new genus with a new species of soft-winged flower beetle, Pectotibialis paghmanensis Tshernyshev gen. et sp. nov. are described from Afghanistan. The new genus can be distinguished from the congeners of the tribe Apalochrini by the dark pectination in the apices of tibiae in both sexes, and the anterior tibiae which are hollowed at distal half, flattened and rounded femora, bituberculate basal parts of head and pronotum, two lamellate metathoracic appendages, tarsal comb above second tarsomere of anterior legs, and serrate antennae in the male. Based on the metathoracic appendages and comb in anterior legs would attribute this new species to the new genus Dromanthomorphus Pic, 1921, but all the other above-mentioned characters define its independent status and the designation of a new genus; Pectotibialis Tshernyshev gen. nov. The external appearance, special male characters and genitalia of the type species of the new genus are illustrated, and a distribution map is provided. A key to the Apalochrus-section of the tribe Apalochrini is provided.

An homage to Peru’s bicentenary: Maxillaria bicentenaria (Orchidaceae), a new species previously misidentified as M. pyhalae

We propose the new species Maxillaria bicentenaria from the montane forest of central Peru and provide an amendment of the description of Maxillaria pyhalae. Maxillaria bicentenaria is similar to M. pyhalae but differs by the elliptic to sub-elliptic labellum, the labellum distal half irregularly plicate, the flattened and transversally sub-trapezoidal labellar callus, the campanulate to sub-campanulate protuberance at the labellum apex centre, and the conspicuous carina with a sharp edge towards the top of the anther. Illustrations, pictures, and a distribution map are provided for both Maxillaria species. The differential features of both species are presented and previous misidentified records are discussed. Finally, a comment on the author name of Maxillaria fletcheriana is also provided.

BILATERAL CONGENITALLY MISSING SECOND PREMOLARS IN A GROWING FEMALE PATIENT

Purpose- The aim of the current hypothesis is to contemporary a rare case report of congenitally missing bilateral mandibular second premolars in an adolescent patient and describe its management. The second premolars have the utmost incidence of congenital absence, after the third molars. The delinquent resides not in the prevalence of congenitally missing premolars but in the assortment of a management plan that will yield the best outcomes over the prolong period of time. The currenteducation reports a case of a 12-year-old female growing patient with bilaterally congenitally missing second permanent mandibular premolars with supplementary crowding of teeth. The case has been managed using a multi‑specialty methods, in which both deciduous mandibular second molars were sectioned and the distal half retained. The retained half was prepared to receive a full coverage restoration which was contoured as a premolar. The space created was then utilized to correct the crowding by fixed orthodontics. A two year follow up shows retained distal half of the deciduous mandibular second molar with correction of crowding and space closure.

A randomized controlled trial of high volume simethicone to improve visualization during capsule endoscopy

Background The optimal dose of simethicone before capsule endoscopy is unknown. Prior studies have reported inconsistent cleansing, with some showing improved visualization only in the proximal small intestine. We hypothesized a higher volume of simethicone may improve cleansing and diagnostic yield, especially in the distal small bowel. Methods A phase III randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing high volume (1125 mg simethicone in 750 ml water) versus standard volume (300 mg simethicone in 200 ml water) solutions, both at 1.5 mg/ml. The primary outcome was adequate bowel preparation, defined as a KOrea-CanaDA (KODA) score >2.25, overall and stratified by the proximal and distal half of the small bowel. Secondary outcomes included mean KODA score, diagnostic yield, completion rate, and adverse events. All analyses were intention-to-treat. Results A total of 167 patients were randomized (mean (SD) age 58.7 (15.7), 54% female) and the most common indication was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (71.7%). Adequate cleansing was achieved in 39 (50%) patients in the high volume group and in 39 (48%) patients in the standard volume group (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.76–1.43, p = 0.82), with no differences observed in the proximal half (71% vs 64%, p = 0.40) or the distal half -of the small bowel (36% vs. 37%, p = 0.88). There was no differences in the mean (SD) KODA score (2.20 (0.41) vs. 2.18 (0.44), p = 0.73), diagnostic yields (53% vs. 56%, p = 0.71), or completion rates (both 95%). One adverse event, nausea, occurred in the control group. Conclusion High volume simethicone does not improve visualization during capsule endoscopy. Clinical trial registration Clinical trial: NCT02334631.

ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF HALF ANGLE ON THE DISPLACEMENT OF PEDICLE SCREW DURING AXIAL PULL-OUT TEST IN CANCELLOUS BONE USING 2D AXISYMMETRIC FE MODEL

Pedicle screw fixations are commonly used in the treatment of spinal pathologies. For effective treatment, stable anchorage between the screw and bone is necessary. In this study, the influence of proximal and distal half angle of the screw, on the displacement of fixation and stress transfer are simulated using a 2D axisymmetric finite element model. A parametric study was performed by varying the proximal half-angle between 0° and 60° in steps of 10° and the distal half angles are considered as 30° and 40°. The material properties and boundary conditions are applied based on previous studies. Frictional contact is considered between the bone and screw. Results show that, displacement of fixation is observed to be minimum at a proximal half angle of 0° and maximum at an angle of 60°. High stress concentration is observed in first few threads with highest maximum von Mises stress at an angle of 60°. High stress transfer was obtained for proximal half-angles of 40° and 50°. It is observed that, this method might aid to develop better pedicle screws for treatment of Scoliosis.

Description of a new species of Corixidea from Brazil (Heteroptera: Dipsocoromorpha: Schizopteridae)

ABSTRACT The minute litter bug genus Corixidea Reuter, 1891 currently comprises nine valid American species. Herein, we describe Corixidea quaresmai sp. nov. from one of the last remaining remnants of Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil. The new species is characterized by the distal extension of the anophoric process parallel and close to the left lateral margin of the tergites, and the elongated process of tergum 8, with a pectinate distal half and a filiform tip. We provide diagnosis, images of habitus and male genitalia.