The Use of BrownAlgae Laminaria Saccharinain Iodine Enriched Products Aimed at PreventingIodine Deficiency

The high content of iodine in dried algae has allowed it to be used as a physiologically functional food ingredient in the technology of fortified foods, which can help prevent iodine deficiency. The aim of this research was to develop a technology for food products enriched with iodine (Italian crispbreads), as well as fermented dairy products (thick and drinking yoghurts with various fruit fillings). The brown algae Laminaria saccharina, which originates from the islandFrøya (in Norway), was used to enrich the products with iodine. This algaewas grown on the farms of the company ”Energy Solutions AS” and was dried by various methods of low-temperature drying (heat pump at a temperature of minus 10 ∘C, drying in 1-3 layers; vacuum freeze drying with pre-storage at a temperature of minus 8 ∘C; and pre-freezing and storing at a temperature of minus 25 ∘C for 2-6 days). The chemical composition of the algae was studied. The findings showed that the modes of pretreatment of algae and the method of cold drying did not influence the following indicators (in % of the total mass of dried algae): the mass fraction of water (6.00±0.50% to 6.93±0.50%),ash (46.40-50.14%), andsodium chloride (31.00±1.75%). The above technological factors substantially affected the content of protein and iodine in the dried algae. Thus, the mass fraction of protein varied from 5.88% to 12.35% per total mass, and iodine varied from 0.367% to 0.522% in terms of dry matter. The optimal dosage of dried algae for adding to raw material was calculated (which provided anabove-stated iodine content of % of the recommended level of adequate consumption in 100g of the developed products): from 66% in crispbreads to 88% in fermented dairy products. All new products provided a high level of organoleptic evaluation. Keywords: brown algae, Laminaria saccharina, iodine, functionalproduct, crispbreads, drinking yoghurts, thick yoghurts

Prospects for upgrading by the European kelp sector

The interest in cultivating seaweed in European seas as source of food, feed and feedstock for the biobased economy is growing. Amongst the species investigated is kelp, also known as sugar kelp, Saccharina latissima or Laminaria saccharina. The European kelp sector is relatively small, compared to the global production and use, yet growth of the sector is aimed for. An inevitable question for European seaweed producers is how they can compete in the global seaweed value chain. This paper assesses to what extent the European strategy for growing the kelp sector matches with the dynamics of current kelp value chain. The global value chains (GVC) framework is applied to study how the global kelp sector is organized, including analysis of trends in science and patents. The upgrading strategy deployed by the European sector is critically evaluated against this framework. The analysis points towards various dividing lines between the established kelp cultivation and processing industry in Asia and the (far smaller) nascent cultivation and processing industry for high-value applications. These represent two unconnected worlds. Chain or intra-sectoral upgrading to spur the European kelp sector could occur if European food sector engage more closely with the European producers. Those bring financial power and a broader client base to the table and are instrumental in linking production to the demands of end-users.

ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ НЕФТЯНОЙ ПЛЕНКИ НА ФОТОСИНТЕЗ БУРЫХ ВОДОРОСЛЕЙ БАРЕНЦЕВА МОРЯ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"

В полевых экспериментах на литорали Баренцева моря изучено влияние пленки нефти на фотосинтез и дыхание массовых видов бурых водорослей ( Fucus vesiculosus, F. distichus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria saccharina). Показано, что водоросли в первые часы воздействия нефтяной пленки продолжают поддерживать свою функциональную активность, полусуточный ход фотосинтеза и дыхания остается выраженным и неизменным.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СЫРОЙ НЕФТИ НА РАННИЕ СТАДИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МАКРОВОДОРОСЛЕЙ БАРЕНЦЕВА МОРЯ, "БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ"

Изучено влияние эмульсии и пленки нефти на водоросли Баренцева моря. Бурые водоросли ( Fucus vesiculosus и Laminaria saccharina) более устойчивы к токсическому воздействию, чем зеленые (Enteromorpha prolifera). L. saccharina и E. prolifera наиболее уязвимы на стадии гаметогенеза и ювенильного спорофита, F. vesiculosus — на стадии прорастающей зиготы. Установлено, что водоросли Баренцева моря способны существовать в среде, загрязненной нефтью, при этом эмульгированная нефть менее токсична, чем ее пленка. Показано, что степень подвижности и тип движения зооспор L. saccharina и антерозоидов F. vesiculosus не могут являться тестовой реакцией при проведении биотестирования морских вод.