Formation of principles of teaching phthisiology in an evolutionary aspect before the COVID-19 pandemic

The experience of the Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology in the evolutionary aspect for 50 years is presented. The periods of the formation of teaching principles (1972-1988), the period of changes associated with restructuring in the country and changes in the health care system (1990-2010), the period after 2010 as a time of high achievements both in science and epidemiology of tuberculosis, as well as the period after 2015, after the adoption of the FSES and during the 2020 pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), are considered. Methods and technologies are analyzed, the department's own experience in the format of distance education is presented.

The concept of Ijtihad, its legitimacy, need and importance in the present age

According to the fiqh, Ijtihad is the name of effort and to boost once capacity to discover shariah ruling about a new situation in the light of Quran and Sunnah. Islam allowed Muslims to continuously adopt the changing conditions and advances the society through the process of Ijtihad. Quran has given the fundamental principles and Muslim scholars must interpret these principles wisely in the light of Quran and Sunnah, in accordance with the spirit of time in which we live. Research problem regarding Ijtihad is, there are two extremes about the concept of Ijtihad. Some modern thinkers and philosophers have misinterpreted the principle of Ijtihad, they think that every person having little knowledge of Islamic teachings is eligible to do Ijtihad and there are no conditions and principles for doing Ijtihad. On the other hand, some keep themselves limited with Quran and Sunnah. In this paper we have given the concept of Ijtihad according to the venerable Ulema-e-Fiqh. In this research article, it is tried to describe the real concept, authenticity of Ijtihad and the evolutionary aspect of Ijtihad in Muslim society, and about the importance of Ijtihad to address the needs of Muslim societies with reference of contemporary world.

Evolutionary analysis of chloroplast tRNA of Gymnosperm revealed the novel structural variation and evolutionary aspect

Gymnosperms such as ginkgo, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes are vital components of land ecosystems, and they have significant economic and ecologic value, as well as important roles as forest vegetation. In this study, we investigated the structural variation and evolution of chloroplast transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in gymnosperms. Chloroplasts are important organelles in photosynthetic plants. tRNAs are key participants in translation where they act as adapter molecules between the information level of nucleic acids and functional level of proteins. The basic structures of gymnosperm chloroplast tRNAs were found to have family-specific conserved sequences. The tRNAΨ -loop was observed to contain a conforming sequence, i.e., U-U-C-N-A-N2. In gymnosperms, tRNAIle was found to encode a “CAU” anticodon, which is usually encoded by tRNAMet. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that plastid tRNAs have a common polyphyletic evolutionary pattern, i.e., rooted in abundant common ancestors. Analyses of duplication and loss events in chloroplast tRNAs showed that gymnosperm tRNAs have experienced little more gene loss than gene duplication. Transition and transversion analysis showed that the tRNAs are iso-acceptor specific and they have experienced unequal evolutionary rates. These results provide new insights into the structural variation and evolution of gymnosperm chloroplast tRNAs, which may improve our comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of the tRNA family.