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2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1010183
Author(s):  
Catarina E. Hioe ◽  
Guangming Li ◽  
Xiaomei Liu ◽  
Ourania Tsahouridis ◽  
Xiuting He ◽  
...  

Antibodies are principal immune components elicited by vaccines to induce protection from microbial pathogens. In the Thai RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial, vaccine efficacy was 31% and the sole primary correlate of reduced risk was shown to be vigorous antibody response targeting the V1V2 region of HIV-1 envelope. Antibodies against V3 also were inversely correlated with infection risk in subsets of vaccinees. Antibodies recognizing these regions, however, do not exhibit potent neutralizing activity. Therefore, we examined the antiviral potential of poorly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immunodominant V1V2 and V3 sites by passive administration of human mAbs to humanized mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, followed by mucosal challenge with an HIV-1 infectious molecular clone expressing the envelope of a tier 2 resistant HIV-1 strain. Treatment with anti-V1V2 mAb 2158 or anti-V3 mAb 2219 did not prevent infection, but V3 mAb 2219 displayed a superior potency compared to V1V2 mAb 2158 in reducing virus burden. While these mAbs had no or weak neutralizing activity and elicited undetectable levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), V3 mAb 2219 displayed a greater capacity to bind virus- and cell-associated HIV-1 envelope and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and C1q complement binding as compared to V1V2 mAb 2158. Mutations in the Fc region of 2219 diminished these effector activities in vitro and lessened virus control in humanized mice. These results demonstrate the importance of Fc functions other than ADCC for antibodies without potent neutralizing activity.


2022 ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
N. S. Bohra ◽  
Navneet Rawat

The present study aims to develop a conceptual framework of the scope and challenges of Tier 2 Business Schools in India. Management education has seen a drastic change in the recent past with a huge inflow of students, and this gave management institutes an edge to grow. Besides taking this opportunity, some institutes have compromised on various parameters which is degrading quality education. In this study, strategic analysis has been done by using the past review. For strategic analysis on challenges and future scope of Tier 2 Business Schools (T2BS) in India, challenges-scope matrix has been carefully developed and evaluated. Research procedure adopted in this study is professionally framed, and systematic review of literature has been done before concluding the study.


Author(s):  
T. A. O’Brien ◽  
M. F. Wehner ◽  
A. E. Payne ◽  
C. A. Shields ◽  
J. J. Rutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Allen O'Brien ◽  
Michael F Wehner ◽  
Ashley E. Payne ◽  
Christine A Shields ◽  
Jonathan J. Rutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Elisabeth Narayanan ◽  
Qingbo Liu ◽  
Yaroslav Tsybovsky ◽  
Kristin Boswell ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Nathaniel von der Embse ◽  
Katie Eklund ◽  
Stephen Kilgus
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Nathaniel von der Embse ◽  
Katie Eklund ◽  
Stephen Kilgus
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Nathaniel von der Embse ◽  
Katie Eklund ◽  
Stephen Kilgus
Keyword(s):  

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